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1{  UC-NRLF 


STEPS  IN 


GEOGRAPHY 


GINM  ^  COMPAIVY 


Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arciiive 

in  2008  witii  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


littp://www.arcliive.org/details/firststepsingeogOOfryericli 


FIEST  STEPS 


IN 


GEOGRAPHY 


BY 

ALEXIS  EVERETT  FRYE 

First  Superintendent  or  Schools  of  Cuba 

Author  op  "Child  and  Nature,"  "Brooks  and  Brook  Basins,"  "  Primart  Gbographt," 

"Elbments  of  Geography,"  "Complete  Geography," 

"  Gkahuab  School  Geography,"  etc. 


GINN  &  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


•:::'v  PREFACE 

Plan.  —  This  book  covers  the  work  of  two  school  years,  either  the  fourth  and  fifth  or 
the  fifth  and  sixth.  It  ofEers  a  brief  course  to  pupils  that  must  leave  school  after  only  two 
years  of  geography  study,  and  it  also  leads  by  easy  steps  to  the  larger  geography. 

Aim.  —  The  aim  is  to  show  man's  relations  to  nature.  These  relations  are  traced  through 
such  broad  topics  as  surface  features,  climate,  products,  industries,  trade,  states,  cities,  etc. 

Commerce.  —  History  follows  routes  of  trade.  For  this  reason  commerce  takes  a  leading 
place  in  this  book.  Products  and  industries  leading  to  commerce  are  given  many  special  maps 
and  lessons.  This  is  clearly  shown  on  pages  55  to  65,  where  cities  are  treated  in  their 
industrial  relations. 

United  States.  —  Every  pupil  should  know  the  leading  facts  about  his  own  country.  A 
large  part  of  this  book  is  devoted  to  the  United  States. 

Pictures.  —  The  pictures  supplement  the  text  and  are  true  to  nature.  Nearly  all  were 
engraved  from  photographs. 

Maps.  —  Special  attention  is  called  to  the  number  and  variety  of  maps,  as  well  as  to 
their  accuracy.  For  example,  under  North  America  see  the  shaded  relief  map  on  page  40 ; 
colored  relief  map  and  zone  map  on  page  41;  political  map  on  page  43;  plant  and  animal 
maps  on  pages  45  and  46.  The  great  relief  map  of  the  United  States  on  pages  140  to  141  is 
photographed  from  a  raised  model.  The  Philippine  maps  on  pages  117  to  121  will  be  of  great 
help  in  following  current  events. 

Helps.  —  The  "  Helps  "  after  each  lesson  are  to  guide  pupils  towards  the  leading  facts,  as 
well  as  to  help  the  busy  teachers.  Pupils  should  answer  questions  not  in  the  words  of  the 
book  but  in  their  own  language.  Teachers  will  be  pleased  to  note  that  only  in  rare  cases  is  it 
necessary  to  turn  a  leaf  to  find  answers  to  questions. 

Spelling.  —  In  spelling  and  usage  of  geographic  names  the  maps  and  text  follow  the 
rulings  of  the  United  States  Board  on  Geographic  Names.  This  book  adopts  the  best  modern 
usage  and  allows  the  capital  letter  in  specific  names,  such  as  Rhine  and  Andes,  but  not  in 
common  class  names,  such  as  river  and  mountains, — thus,  Rhine  river,  Andes  mountains. 

Sizes  of  type.  —  The  text  in  small  type  gives  explanations  or  interesting  details  and  does 
not  call  for  such  close  study  as  the  text  in  larger  type.  Names  of  cities  in  black  or  heavy- 
faced  type  may  be  used  as  topics  for  recitation. 

The  Author 

Cambridge,  April,  1900  EDUCATION  OflKTi- 

COPYBIOHT,  1906,  By  ALEXIS  EVERETT  FRYE.  ALL  KIOHT8  kesebved 

Entered  at  Stationera'  Hall 

67.3 


O-O 


CONTENTS 


FIRST  STEPS 

Page 

rEOGRAPHY 1 

Rain  and  Springs 2 

Hill  and  Valley 3 

Brook  and  River 4 

How  Soil  is  Made 6 

Soil  and  Water 6 

How  Soil  is  Carried 7 

Mountain  and  Volcano     ....  8 

Plain  and  Plateau 10 

Shore  Forms 11 

Forms  of  Water    ......  12 

Points  op  the  Compass       ....  13 

How  Maps  are  Made 13 


THE  EARTH 

Form  and  Size  of  the  Earth 
What  the  Earth  is  Made  of 
The  Air  We  Breathe 
How  THE  Air  is  Heated 
Poles  and  Equator    . 
The  Continents 
The  Oceans 

The  Seasons    .... 
The  Zones    .... 


PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS 


15 

16 
16 
17 
18 
20 
21 
24 
25 


NORTH  AMERICA 

Surface  of  North  America 

Map  Studies 

People  and  Countries        .         .         .         . 
Climate  and  Plants       .... 
Animals  of  North  America 

THE  UNITED  STATES 

Western  Highland  and  Pacific  Slope 
Eastern  Highland  and  Atlantic  Slope 

Central  Plain 

Great  Lakes 

Map  Studies    ...... 

How  the  Country  was  Settled 

Climate 

Cotton  ....... 

Indian  Corn 

Wheat 

Forests    

Animals        ....... 

Goal  and  Oil  .         ...        . 

Useful  Metals    ...... 

Other  Products      

Routes  of  Trade        .         .         .         .         . 

Alaska     ....... 

Hawaii 


Where  Plants  Grow     .....  26 

Plants  of  the  Zones          ....  27 

Where  Animals  Lite 29 

Large  Wild  Animals          ....  30 

RACES  OF  MEN 

The  Black  Race 32 

The  Red  Race     ......  33 

The  Yellow  Race 34 

The  Brown  Race 34 

The  White  Race 34 

Why  Laws  are  Made         ....  36 

Government    .......  38 


CANADA,  MEXICO,  WEST  INDIES 

Canada    

Mexico  and  Central  America  . 
West  Indies    ...... 

Why  Cities  Grow       .... 


SOUTH  AMERICA 

Surface  of  South  America 
Map  Studies   .... 

Climate 

Plants      ..... 
Animals        ..... 


Page 

39 
41 
42 
46 
46 


47 
48 
48 
61 
62 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 
60 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
66 


68 
70 
72 
74 


76 
77 
78 
78 
79 


IV 


CONTENTS 


Page 

People 80 

Countries  of  the  Andes    ....  80 

Other  Countries  of  South  America  .        .  82 

EUROPE 

Surface  of  Europe 85 

Map  Studies "  •         .87 

Climate 87 

Plants 88 

Animals 90 

People 91 

British  Isles       ......  93 

Cities  of  the  British  Isles  ....  94 

France 95 

Germany 96 

Netherlands  and  Belgium        ...  98 

Countries  of  the  Northmeij        ...  98 

Austria-Hungary  and  Switzerland         .  99 

Russia 100 

Italy 101 

Spanish  Peninsula 101 

Turkish  Peninsula 102 

ASIA 

Map  Studies    .        .         ...        .        .        .  105 


Southwest  Asia 
Siberia  and  Korea 


Faob 

124 
126 


Surface  of  Asia 
Climate   . 
Plants 
Animals  . 
People 

Chinese  Empire 
Empire  of  Japan 
Southeast  Asia 
The  East  Indies 
Philippine  Islands 
Empire  of  India 


105 
108 
108 
109 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
122 


AFRICA 


Northern  Africa  ......     127 


Map  Studies 

Middle  and  Southern  Africa 

Climate  and  Plants  .         .         .         .         . 

Animals  ....... 

Egypt   

Other  Countries  of  Africa 

AUSTRALIA  AND  PACIFIC  ISLANDS 

People  ....... 

Map  Studies    ...... 

Plants  and  Animals  .         .         .         .         . 

States  of  Australia      .... 

Pacific  Islands  ...... 


GROUPS  OF  STATES 

New  England  States    .         .         .         . 
Middle  Atlantic  States    . 
Central  States       .         .         .         .         . 
Central  States,  —  Eastern  Section 
Central  States,  —  Western  Section   . 
Southern  States         .... 
Southern  States,  —  Eastern  Section  . 
Southern  States,  —  Western  Section 
Southwestern  States     .         .         .         . 
Northwestern  States 


129 
130 
130 
131 
133 
134 


135 
136 
136 
137 
138 


143 
148 
164 
156 
158 
161 
163 
165 
167 
170 


SUPPLEMENT 

Populations  of  Cities,  States,  Countries  .  i-iv 
Rivers,  Oceans,  Mountains  .  .  .  ii,  iv,  v 
Pronouncing  Word  List        .        .         .        .        vi 


INDEX 

Note.  —  All  figures  refer  to  pages.     Where  map  and  text  pages  are  both  given,  the  map  pages  are  marked  thus,  101°. 
pages  in  blackface  type  (26) ;  less  important  pages  are  in  ligfUface  type  (24).     S.  refers  to  supplement. 

See  classified  lists  under  titles :  Capes,  Deltas,  Gulfs,  Lakes,  Mountains,  Mounts,  People,  Rivets,  United  States. 


Look  first  fo 


A 

Abyssinia  132°,  133. 
Adelaide  139. 
Adriatic  sea  89. 
Mgenn  sea  89. 
Afghanistan  107°,  126. 
Akrica    127,    128°-132°- 
134. 

Animals  131. 

Climate  130. 

People  127, 130, 133, 134- 

Plants  130. 

Surface  127,  128. 
African  plateau  127. 
Air  16,  17. 
Alabama  162°,  165. 
Alaska  66,  67°,  144°. 
Albany  14°,  65,  149°,  161. 
Alberta  69. 

Albuquerque  168,  169°. 
Aleutian  islands  67,  144. 
Alexandria  132°,  133. 
Algeria  132°,  134. 
Algiers  132°,  134. 
Allegheny  149°,  152. 
Amazon  river  75,  77,  83°. 
Amsterdam  97°,  98. 
Anam  107°,  114. 
Angola  132. 
Animal  Maps  30-31. 

Africa  31,  131. 

Asia  31,  110. 

Australia  31,  137. 

Europe  31,  90. 

North  America  31,  46. 

South  America  31,  79. 
Annapolis  149°,  152. 
Antarctic  ocean  23. 
Antwerp  97°,  98. 
Appalachian  highland  40, 

4.3°,  48,  142°. 
Arabia  107°,  125. 
Arabian  sea  107. 
Aral  sea  or  lake  107. 
Archangel  89. 
Arctic  archipelago  68,  69°. 
Arctic  ocean  23. 
Ardmore  164°,  166. 
Areas ;  see  Supplement. 
Argentina  83°,  84. 
Arizona  53°,  144°,  168. 
Arkansas  53°,  145°,  166. 
Asia  104-105°-107°-126. 

Animals  110. 

Climate  108. 

People  111. 

Plants  108,  109. 

Surface  104,  105. 
Asia  Minor  89°. 
Asiatic  Russia  107. 
Asiatic  Turkey  107°,  124, 

126. 
Assouan  132. 
Asuncion  83. 
Athens  89°,  103. 
Atlanta  53°,  66,  66,  162°, 
163. 


Atlantic  ocean  22. 
Atlantic  slope  40,  48,  49°. 
Auckland  138,  139°. 
Augusta,  Ga.  162°,  163. 
Augusta,  Me.  146,  147°. 
Austin  164°,  166. 
Australia  135-136°-139°. 

Animals  137. 

Climate  136. 

People  135. 

Plants  137. 

Surface  136. 
Austria-Hungary  89°,  99. 
AxU  18. 

B 

Baffin  bay  43,  142. 

Bahama  islands  48,  142. 

Bahia  83. 

Baku  107. 

Balearic  islands  89. 

Baltic  sea  89. 

Baltimore  58,  64,  74, 149°, 

152. 
Baluchistan  107°, 
Bangkok  107. 
Bangor  146,  147°. 
Barbados  73°. 
Barcelona  89°,  102. 
Barre  147°,  148. 
Batavia  139. 
Baton  Rouge  164°,  166. 
Batum  89. 
Bay  City  155. 
Bay  of  Bengal  107. 
Bay  of  Biscay  89. 
Bay  of  Fundy  69. 
Belfast  92°,  94. 
Belgium  97°,  98. 
Belize  71°. 
Benares  123. 
Bergen  89°,  98. 
Bering  sea  43,  142. 
Bering  strait  43,  142. 
Berlin  96,  97°. 
Bermuda  islands  43,  142. 
Bern  97°,  99. 
Birmingham,     Ala.     63, 

162°,  165. 
Birmingham,  Eng.  92°,  93. 
Bismarck  159°,  160. 
Black  hills  169. 
Black  sea  89. 
Bluefields  71. 
Blue  Nile  132. 
Blue  ridge  149. 
Bogota  81,  83°. 
Boise  170,  171°. 
Bokhara  107. 
Bolivia  81,  83°. 
Bombay  107°,  124. 
Bordeaux  89. 
Borneo  115,  139°. 
Bosphorus  97°,  102. 
Boston   43°,   60,   65,   74, 

148,  147°. 
Brazil  82,  83°. 


Bridgeport  147°,  148. 
Brisbane  139. 
British  Columbia  69. 
British  East  Africa  132. 
British  Guiana  83. 
British  Isles  92°,  93,  94. 
British  South  Africa ;  see 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Brooklyn  14°,  149°,  150. 
Brussels  97°,  98. 
Budapest  97°,  99. 
Buenos  Aires  80,  83°,  84. 
Buffalo  51,  65,  74,  149°, 

150,  157. 
Building  stone  64. 
Bukharest  97. 
Bulgaria  97°,  103. 
Burlington,  Iowa  159. 
Burlington,  Vt.  147°,  148, 
Burma  123. 
Butte  63,  170,  171°. 


Cairo  132°,  133. 
Calcutta  107,  124. 
California  168,  169°. 
Callao8],  83°. 
Cambridge,  Eng.  92. 
Cambridge,     Mass.     146, 

147°. 
Camden  149. 
Camel  30,  31,  131,  110, 

131. 
Canada  68,  69°, 
Canary  islands  132°. 
Canton,  China  107°,  113. 
Canton,  Ohio  155. 
Cape  Breton  43,  142. 
Cape  Cod  147. 
Cape   Colony ;    see  Cape 

of  Good  Hope. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  132°, 

134. 
Capes 

Canaveral  53,  145. 

Cod  147. 

Fear  63,  145. 

Flattery  53,  144. 

Good  Hope  132. 

Guardafui  132. 

Satteras  43,  142. 

Horn  83. 

May  53,  141. 

Mendocino  43,  642. 

Sable  43,  142. 

St.  Roque  83. 

Verde  132. 
Cape  Town  132°,  134, 
Cape  Verde  islands  129. 
Caracas  82,  83°. 
Cardiff  92. 

Caribbean  sea  43,  142. 
Caroline  islands  138, 139°. 
Carson  City  168,  169°. 
Caspian  sea  89°,  106. 
Cattle  60°,  79,  82,  84,  90, 
134,  137. 


Cayenne  83. 
Celebes  115,  139°. 
Central  America  43°,  70, 

71°. 
Central  plain  39,  40°,  45°, 

46°,  48,  49,  74. 
Central  states  154,  155°, 

159°. 
Cevennes  97. 
Ceylon  107. 
Charleston,   S.C.  56,    74, 

162°,  163. 
Charleston,  W.Va.    149°, 

153. 
Charlotte  162. 
Chatunooga  162°,  165. 
Chautauqua  149. 
Chesapeake  bay  53,  145. 
Cheyenne  170,  171°. 
Chicago  43°,  49,  61,  56, 

57,  58,  61,  74,  96, 112, 

166,  157, 
ChUe  82,  83°. 
China  1,  34,  112,  123°. 
China  sea  107. 
Christiania  89°,  98. 
Cincinnati    49,    61,    74, 

155°,  166. 
Cleveland  62,  63, 74, 155°, 

166. 
Climate  17,  24,  25,  56°; 

also  under  each  con- 
tinent. 
Coal  62. 

Coast  range  43,  142. 
Cochin-China  107, 
Coffee  28,  45,  79,  84, 115, 

125. 
Cologne  97. 
Colombia  80,  83°. 
Colombo  107. 
Colon  71. 

Colorado  167,  169°. 
Colorado  canyon  47,  53°, 

144°,  167. 
Colorado  river  47,  53°. 
Colorado  Springs  169. 
Columbia  river   47,  63°, 

144°, 
Columbia,  S.C.  162°,  163. 
Columbus,  Ga.  162. 
Columbus,  Ohio  74,  155°, 

156. 
Commerce ;     see     under 

various  countries. 
Concord  147°,  148. 
Connecticut  147°,  148. 
Constantinople  89°,  102. 
Continents  20. 
Copenhagen  89°,  98. 
Copper  63,  82,  102,   168, 

170. 
Coral  21. 
Com  28,  66°. 
Corsica  89. 
Costa  Rica  71. 
Cotton  10,  28,    66°,  124, 

133. 


Covington  155°,  157, 
Crete  or  Candia  89. 
Cuba  73. 
Cuzco  83. 
Cyprus  107, 


Dallas  58,  164°,  166, 
Damascus  107, 
Danube  river  85,  89°. 
Dardanelles  97. 
Davenport  158,  159°. 
Davis  strait  43. 
D?wson  69. 
Dayton  155. 
Dead  sea  125. 
Delaware  149°,  152. 
Delaware  bay  53. 
Delhi  123. 
Deltas  7. 

Ganges  107. 

Hoangho  107. 

Indus  107. 

Mississippi  53. 

Niger  132, 

Nile  132. 

Po  87. 

Rhine  87. 

Yangtze  107. 

Yellow  river  107. 
Denmark  89°,  98. 
Denver  43°,  47,  65.  187 

169°, 
Deserts  10. 

Arabian  107. 

Atacama  77,  83. 

Gobi  107. 

Kalahari  132. 

Sahara  132. 
Des  Moines  158,  159°. 
Detroit  53°,  63,  74,  155« 

157. 
Diamonds  84,  134. 
District  of  Columbia  149° 

153. 
Dover  149°,  152. 
Dover  strait  92. 
Dresden  97. 
Dublin  92°,  94. 
Dubuque  159°,  160. 
Duluth  74,  158,  169°. 
Dutch  Guiana  83. 

E 

Earth  15-39. 
East  Indies  115,  139°. 
Eastern  highland;  see  Ap 
palachian  highland. 
Eau  Claire  155. 
Ecuador  81,  83°. 
Edinburgh  92°,  94. 
Egypt  132°,  133. 
El  Paso  164. 
England;  see  British  Islet 
English  channel  92. 
Equator  18. 


VI 


INDEX 


Erie  149. 

Erie  canal  61, 65, 74, 149°, 

160. 
Eskimos  42,  44,  66. 
EcBOPE    86-86°-87°-89°- 
103. 

Animals  90. 

Climate  87. 

People  91. 

Plants  88. 

Surface  85,  86 
EvansvUle  166°,  166. 

F 

Falkland  islands  83. 
Fall  River  146,  147°. 
Fargo  159°,  160. 
Fez  132°,  133. 
Fiji  islands  138,  139°. 
Finland  89. 
Fisheries  64,  98. 
Florence  97°  101. 
Florida  63°,  162°,  163. 
Forests  69. 
Formosa  107. 
Forms  of  government  38. 
Forms  of  water  12. 
Fort  Smith  164°,  166. 
Fort  Wayne  166. 
Fort  Worth  164°,  166. 
France  89°,  95. 
Frankfort  155°,  157. 
Frankfurt  97. 
Freetown  132. 
French  Guiana  83. 
French  Kongo  132. 
Friendly  islands  139. 
Fujiyama  123. 


Galapagos  islands  83. 
Galveston    56,   74,    164°, 

166. 
Ganges  river  107. 
Geneva  97°  99. 
Genoa  97°,  101. 
Georgetown  83. 
Georgia  5.3°,  162°,  163. 
German  East  Africa  132. 
German  Southwest  Africa 

132. 
Germany  89°,  96,  97°. 
Gibraltar  89. 
Glasgow  92°,  94. 
Gloucester  64, 143, 147°. 
Gold  63,  100,  134,  187. 
Gold  coast  132. 
Golden  Gate  169°. 
Gottenborg  89. 
Grand  divisions  20. 
Grand  Rapids  155°  167. 
Great  Basin  41°,  47, 167. 
Great  Britain ;  see  British 

Isles. 
Great  Lakes  49°,  61, 145°, 

157°. 
Great  Salt  lake  63. 
Great  plains;  see  Western 

plains. 
Greece  89°,  103. 
Greenland  43°,  98. 
Greenwich  92. 
Guatemala  71. 
Guayaquil  83. 


Guiana  82,  83°. 
Guinea  132. 
Guinea  coast  132. 
GoLrs 

Aden  132. 

Bothnia  89. 

California  43. 

Finland  89. 

Guinea  132. 

Mexico  43. 

St.  Lawrence  69. 
Guthrie  164°,  166. 


Haiti  73. 
Halifax  69. 
Hambui  g  96,  97°. 
Hamilton  69. 
Harrisburg  149°,  152. 
Hartford  147°,  148. 
Havana  72,  73°. 
Haverhill  147. 
Havre  95,  97°. 
Hawaii  66,  67°. 
Heat  belts  ;  see  Zones. 
Helena  170,  171°. 
Hemispheres  20. 
Herat  107. 
Hindustan  107. 
Hobart  139. 
Hoboken  14,  149. 
Holland   or   Netherlands 

91,  97°,  98. 
Holyoke  147. 
Honduras  71. 
Hongkong  113,  123°. 
Honolulu  67. 
Hot  Springs  164. 
Houston  164. 
Hudson  bay  43. 
Hudson  river  14°,  48,  53°, 

65,  151. 
Hudson  strait  69. 
Hue  107. 
Hungary  89°,  99. 


Iceland  43°,  98. 
Idaho  170,  171°. 
Illinois  166°,  156. 
Uoilo  119°,  120. 
India  107°,  122. 
Indian  ocean  23. 
Indian  Territory  166. 
Indiana  53°,  165°,  156. 
Indianapolis  65, 155°,  156. 
Indians ;  see  People. 
Indo-China  107°,  114. 
Indus  river  107°,  122. 
Iowa  53°,  168,  159°. 
Iquique  83. 

Ireland ;  see  British  Isles. 
Irkutsk  107°,  126. 
Iron  68°,  93,  95,  96,  98, 

100,  161,  152,  164. 
Isthmus  of  Panama,  41, 

71°. 
Isthmus  of  Suez  132°,  133. 
Italy  97°,  101. 


Jackson,  Mich.  166. 
Jackson,  Miss.  162°,  165. 


Jacksonville  64, 162°,  163. 
Jamaica  73. 
Japan  34,  107. 
Japan  sea  107°,  113. 
Java  116,  139°. 
Jefferson  City  168,  159°. 
Jersey  City  14°,  74,  149°, 

152. 
Jerusalem  107°,  125. 
Johannesburg  132°. 
Juan  Fernandez  83. 
Juneau  66,  67°. 


Kabul  107. 
Kalahari  132. 
Kamchatka  107. 
Kansas  158,  159°. 
Kansas  City  61,   65,  74, 

158,  159°. 
Keewatln  69. 
Kentucky  166°,  157. 
Key  West  162°,  163. 
Khartum  132. 
Kimberley  132°,  134. 
Kingston  73. 
Klondike  66,  67°. 
Knoxville  162. 
Kong  plateau  127. 
Kongo  river  130,  132°. 
Kongo  State  98,  132°. 
Korea  107°,  126. 
Krakow  97. 
Kyoto  107°,  114. 


Labrador  69. 

La  Crosse  155°,  157. 

LXKES  4. 

Aral  107. 

Athabasca  69. 

Baikal  107. 

Champlain  155. 

Erie  49. 

Great  Bear  69. 

Great  Lakes  49. 

Great  SaU  53,  144. 

Great  Slave  69. 

Huron  49. 

Killarney  92. 

Ladoga  89. 

Michigan  49. 

Nicaragua  71. 

Nyassa  132. 

Ontario  49. 

Superior  49. 

Tanganyika  132. 

Tchad  132. 

TUicaca  83. 

Victoria  132. 

Winnipeg  09. 
Lansing  155°,  157. 
La  Paz  81,  83°. 
Lapland  89. 
Laramie  170,  171° 
Lassa  123. 
Las  Vegas  169. 
Latitude  S.  iii,  18. 
Leadville  169. 
Leavenworth  159. 
Leeward  islands  73. 
Leipzig  97. 
Lesser  Antilles  73. 
Liberia  132°,  134. 


Lima  81,  83°. 
Lincoln  159°,  160. 
Lisbon  89°,  102. 
Little  Rock  164°,  166. 
Liverpool  92°,  94. 
Llanos  77. 
London  92°,  94. 
Long  Island  147. 
Long  Island  City  14. 
Longitude  S.  iii,  18. 
Los  Angeles  64, 168,  169°. 
Louisiana  164°,  165. 
LouisvUle  64,  165°,  167. 
Lowell  146,  147°. 
Lower  California  71. 
Lynchburg  149. 
Lynn  147. 
Lyon  95,  97°. 


Madagascar  130,  132°. 
Madeira  islands  132. 
Madison  155°,  157. 
Madras  107°,  124. 
Madrid  89°,  102. 
Magellan  strait  82,  83°. 
Maine  53°,  146,  147°. 
Malaga  89. 
Malakka  strait  107. 
Malay    peninsula     107°, 

115. 
Malay  race  ;  see  People. 
Mammoth  cave  155. 
Managua  71. 
Manchester,     Eng.    92°, 

94. 
Manchester,    N.H.    146, 

147°. 
Manchuria  107°,  112. 
Manila  116,  120. 
Manitoba  118°. 
Map  drawing  S.  ii-v. 
Map  reading  13,  19. 
Marseille  96,  97°. 
Marthas  Vineyard  147. 
Maryland    9,    53°,    149°, 

152. 
Maskat  107°. 
Massachusetts    53°,    143, 

147°. 
Mediterranean  89. 
Mekka  105. 
Melbourne  138,  139°. 
Memphis  56,  162°,  165. 
Meridian  162. 
Mexico  44,  70,  71°. 
Michigan  53°,  155°,  167. 
Middle    Atlantic     states 

148,  149°. 
Milan  97°,  101. 
Milwaukee  51,  74,  165°, 

157. 
Minneapolis  68,  74,  159°, 

160. 
Minnesota  63°,  169?,  160. 
Mississippi  63°,  162°,  166. 
Mississippi  river  49,  53°. 
Missouri- Mississippi  river 

49,  63°. 
Missouri  53°,  158,  169°. 
Mobile  59,  74,  162°,  165. 
Mocha  107°,  126. 
Modeling  S.  ii-v. 
Molokai  67. 
Mongolia  107°,  112. 


Monrovia  132°,  134. 
Mont  Blanc  8,  95,  97°. 
Montana  53°,  170,  171°. 
Montenegro  97. 
Montevideo  83°,  84. 
Montgomery  162°,  166. 
Montpelier  147°,  148. 
Montreal  69. 
Morocco  132°,  134. 
Moscow  89°,  100. 
Mountains  8,  9;  see  also 
Mounts  below. 

Adirondack  149. 

Allegheny  149. 

Alp's  89. 

AUai  107. 

Andes  83. 

Apennines  97. 

Appalachian  53, 145. 

Atlas  132. 

Balkan  97. 

Blue  139. 

Blue  ridge  149. 

Carpathian;   see  Kar- 
pathian. 

Cascade  53,  144. 

Catskill  14,  149. 

Caucasus  89. 

Coast  range  53,  144. 

Green  53,  146. 

Himalaya  107. 

Hindu  Kush  123. 

Kamerun  132. 

Karakoram  123. 

Karpathian  89. 

Khinghan  123. 

Kong  132. 

Kuenlun  123. 

Ozark  53,  144. 

Pyrenees  89. 

Rocky  53°,  146. 

Sierra  Madre  71. 

Sierra  Nevada  53°,  144. 

Snow  132. 

Stanovoi  107. 

Thian  Shan  123. 

Ural  89. 

Wasatch  53,  144. 

White  53,  145. 
Mounts 

Aconcagua  83. 

Ararat  S.  v. 

Blanc  8,  97. 

Chimborazo  83. 

Dickerman  S.  v. 

Elburz  S.  V. 

Etna  97. 

Everest  106,  123. 

Fujiyama  123. 

Hekia  89. 

Hood  53,  144. 

Kenia  132. 

Kilauea  67. 

Kilimanjaro  132. 

Logan  53,  144. 

McEinley  43,  142. 

Mauna  Loa  67. 

Mercedario  S.  v. 

Mitchell  162. 

Olympus  171. 

Pikes  peak  53,  144. 

Popocatepetl  71. 

Rainier  53,  144. 

St.  Elias  53,  144. 

Shasta  53,  144. 

Vesuvius  97. 


Mounts,  cont. 

Washington,  147. 

WhUney  169. 
Mozambique  channel  132. 
Munich  97. 

N 

Nantucket  147. 
Naples  97°,  101. 
Narragansett  bay  147. 
Nashville  162°,  165. 
Nassau  69. 
Natchez  162. 
Nebraska  53°,  169°,  160. 
Negro  race ;  see  People. 
Netherlands ;  see  Holland. 
Nevada  53°,  168,  169°. 
New  Brunswick  69. 
New  England  143,  147°. 
New  Guatemala  71. 
New  Guinea  135,138,139°. 
New  Hampshire  12,  53°, 

146,  147°. 
New  Haven  147°,  148. 
New  Jersey  53°,  149°,  152. 
New  Mexico  53°,  168, 169°. 
New  Orleans  49,  53°,  56, 

64,  74,  164°,  166. 
New   South    Wales    137, 

139°. 
New  York  city  14°,  43°, 

48,  51,  56,  58,  61,  65, 

74,  94,  95,  150,  151. 
New  York  state  53°,  149°, 

150. 
New  World,  24. 
New  Zealand  188,  139°. 
Newark  147°,  152. 
Newfoundland  69. 
Nevyport,  Ky.  155°,  157. 
Newport,  R.I.  147°,  148. 
Niagara  39,  61,  149°. 
Nicaragua  71. 
Niger  river,  107. 
Nile  river  107,  133. 
Norfolk  74,  149°,  153. 
North  America  39,  40°- 

43°-74. 
Animals  46. 
Climate  45. 
People  42,  44. 
Plants  46. 
Surface  39,  40. 
North  cape  89. 
North  Carolina  63°,  162°, 

163. 
North  Dakota  53°,  159°, 

160. 
North  sea  89. 
Northern  plain  41°,  48. 
Northwestern  states  170, 

171°. 
Norway  89°,  98. 
Nova  Scotia  69. 


Oakland  169. 
Oceans  21,  22,  23. 
Odessa  89°,  100. 
Ogden  168,  169°. 
Ohio  63°,  155°,  166. 
Oil;  see  Petroleum. 
Okhotsk  sea  107. 
Oklahoma  63°,  164°,  166. 


Old  World  24°. 
Olympia  170,  171°. 
Omaha  53°,  61,  74,  159°, 

160. 
Oman  107. 
Ontario  69. 
Oregon  53°,  170,  171°. 
Orkney  islands  92. 
Oshkosh  165. 
Ottawa  69. 


Pacific  ocean  22. 

Pacific  slope  40,  46°,  46?, 

47,  68,  59. 
Palermo  97. 
Palestine  125. 
Palos  102. 
Pamir  plateau  107. 
Pampas  77. 
Panama  71. 
Para  83°,  84. 
Paraguay  83°,  84. 
Paramaribo  83. 
Paris  89°,  95. 
Patagonia  83. 
Paterson  149. 
Pawtucket  147. 
Peking  107°,  112. 
Pennsylvania    63°,    149°, 

151. 
Pensacola  162°,  163. 
PEOPLE 

Africa    32,    127,    130, 

133,  134. 
Asia  34,  35,  111,  113, 

114,  115. 
Australasia  1,  135,  138. 
Black  race  1,  32,  127, 

130,  1.33,  134. 
Brown  race  1,   13,  28, 
34,  35,  115,  120,  135, 
138. 
Caucasian ;   see   White 

race- 
Ethiopian  ;    see   Black 

race. 
Europe  35,  91,  93,  98, 
99,100,102,  103,  111, 
130,  134,  135. 
Indians  1,  33,  42,  80. 
Malay;  see  Brown  race. 
Map  of  races  37. 
Mongolian;   see  Yellow 

race. 
Negroes ;      see     Black 

race. 
North  America  42,  64. 
Populations  S.  i,  ii,  iii, 

Iv. 
Red  race;  see  Indians. 
South  America  33,  80. 
United    States   42,    64, 

56. 
White  race  16,  36,  42, 
84,  80,  91,  111,  126- 
127,  130,  134,  135. 
Yellow  race  1,  34,  35, 
42,  44,  91,  111,  114, 
126. 
Peoria  156°,  167. 
Pernambuco  83. 
Persia  107°,  125. 
Persian  gulf  107. 
Peru  81,  83°. 


INDEX 

Petroleum  62,  125. 
Philadelphia  63°,  60,  63, 

74,  149°,  161,  162. 
Philippine  islands  34,  35, 
116,  117°,  118°,  119°, 
120. 
Phoenix  168,  169°. 
Pierre  159°,  160. 
Pikes  peak  144°,  167. 
Pilgrims  146. 
Pittsburg  49,  53°,  62,  63, 

149°,  162. 
Plain  of  China  107 
Plant  Maps 

Africa  130. 

Asia  109. 

Australia  137. 

Europe  88. 

North  America  46. 

South  America  78. 
Plata  river  83. 
Plymouth  146,  147°. 
Poles  18. 
Pompeii  101. 
Pope  101. 

Population  S.  i,  ii,  iii,  iv. 
Port  au  Prince  73. 
Port  Said  132°,  133. 
Portland,  Me.  146,  147°. 
Portland,    Ore.     47,    58, 

170,  171°. 
Porto  Rico  72,  73°. 
Portsmouth  147°,  148. 
Portugal  89°,  102. 
Portuguese    East    Africa 

132 
Potosi  83. 
Prairies  41°,  46,  46,  49°, 

57,  58,  59,  60,  74. 
Prescott  169. 
Pretoria  132. 
Pribilof  islands  67. 
Prince  Edward  island  69. 
Production  maps  66-64. 
Providence  74,  147°,  148. 
Pueblo  167,  169°. 
Puget  sound  171. 


Quebec  69. 

Queensland  138,  139°. 
Quito  81,  83°. 


Races  of  men  ;  see  People. 
Racine  156. 
Railroads  66,  74. 
Raleigh  162°,  163. 
Rangoon  107. 
Red  race  ;  see  People. 
Red  river  53°,  160. 
Red  sea  107. 
Relief  Maps 

Africa  128. 

Asia  104. 

Australia  137. 

Europe  86. 

North  America  40,  41. 

South  America  76. 

United  StatesiO,^,^, 
50,  140-141. 

Races  of  men  37. 

Zones  24,  25. 
Rhine  river  97. 


VU 


Rhode  Island 53, 147°,148. 
Rhone  river,  95,  97°. 
Rice  28,  64, 108,  111,  113- 

122,  161-165. 
Richmond  53°,  64,  149°, 

153. 
Rio  de  Janeiro  83°,  84. 
Rio  Grande  53°,  144°. 
Rivers  S.  ii,  4. 

Amazon  83. 

Amur  107. 

Arkansas  53. 

Brahmaputra  107. 

Brazos  53. 

Colorado  53. 

Connecticut  53. 

Danube  89. 

Delaware  63. 

Dnieper  89. 

Dwina  89. 

Elbe  97. 

Euphrates  107. 

Eraser  69. 

Ganges  107. 

Gila  53°. 

Hoangho  107. 

Hudson  14,  53. 

Indus  107. 

Kongo  132. 

Lena  107. 

Loire  97. 

Mackenzie  43. 

Madeira  83. 

Magdalena  83. 

Mekong  107. 

Mersey  92. 

Mississippi  63. 

Missouri  53. 

Nelson  43. 

Niger  132. 

Nile  132. 

Ob  107. 

Ohio  53. 

Orinoco  83. 

Paraguay  83. 

Parana  83. 

Plata  83. 

Platte  53. 

Po  97°. 

Potomac  146. 

Red  53. 

Rhine  97. 

Rhone  97. 

Rio  Grande  53. 

St.  Laxerence  53. 

Savannah  63. 

Seine  97. 

Snake  53. 

Thames  92. 

Tiber  97. 

Tigris  107. 

Ural  97. 

Vistula  97. 

Volga  89. 

Yangtze  107. 

Yellow  107. 

Yenisei  107. 

Yukon  43. 

Zambezi  132. 
Rochester  149°,  161. 
Rocky   mt.   highland  39, 

40°,  45°,  46°,  47. 
Rome  89°,  101. 
Rotterdam  97. 
Roumania  89°,  103. 
Roumelia  89. 


Russia  89°,  100. 
Rutland  147°,  148. 


Sacramento  168,  169°. 

Saginaw  155. 

Sahara  127,  132°. 

St.  Albans  147. 

St.  Augustine  162°,  168. 

St.  Helena  132. 

St.  John  69. 

St.  Johns  69. 

St.  Joseph  74,  159°. 

St.   Lawrence    river    51, 

63°,  68. 
St.  Louis  43°,  49,  58,  64, 

74,  168,  159°. 
St.  Marys  strait  155. 
St.  Paul  49,  159°,  74, 160. 
St.  Peter's  101. 
St.  Petersburg  89°,  100. 
Sakhalin  107. 
Salem,  Mass.  147. 
Salem,  Ore.  170,  171°. 
Salt  Lake   City   43°,  47, 

168,  169°. 
Salvador  71°. 
Samoa  138,  139°. 
San   Antonio    64,    164°, 

166. 
San  Diego  169. 
San  Francisco  43°,  47,  58, 

67,  74,  168,  169°. 
San  Juan  72,  73°. 
San  Salvador  71. 
Sandwich     islands ;      see 

Hawaii. 
Santa  Ee  168,  169°. 
Santiago  82,  83°. 
Santo  Domingo  72,  73°. 
Santos  83°,  84. 
Sardinia  89°,  101. 
Saskatchewan  69. 
Savannah  63°,  66,  69,  64, 

74,  162°,  163. 
Scale  of  maps  14. 
Scandinavian     peninsula 

87. 
Scotland ;      see     British 

Isles. 
Scranton  149. 
Seasons  24. 
Seattle  69°,  170,  171°. 
Selvas  77. 
Senegal  132. 
Seoul  107. 
Servia  89. 
Shanghai  107°,  113. 
Sheep  61. 
Sheffield  92°,  94. 
Shetland  islands  83. 
Shreveport  164°,  166. 
Siam  107°  114. 
Siberia  100, 106,  107°,  126 
Sicily  89°,  101. 
Sierra  Leone  132°. 
Sierra  Madre  69. 
Sierra    Nevada    47,   53°, 

144°. 
Silk  88,  95, 101, 112,  113. 
Singapore  107°,  116. 
Sioux  City  168,  169°. 
Sioux  Ealls  159°,  160. 
Sitka  66,  67°. 
Slave  coast  132. 


VIU 


INDEX 


Smyrna  107°,  125. 
Snow  line  9. 
Soil  6,  7. 

Solomon  islands  139. 
SocTH  America  76-76°- 
83°-84. 

AnimalB  79. 

Climate  78. 

People  80. 

Plants  78. 

Surface  75,  76. 
South  Australia  139. 
South  Carolina  63°,  162°, 

163. 
South  Dakota  63°,  169°, 

160. 
Southern  plain  49. 
Southern  states  161,  162°, 

164°. 
Southwestern  states  167, 

169°. 
Spain  89°,  101. 
Spices  26,  27,  115. 
Spoicane  171. 
Springfield,  111.  166. 
Springfield,  Mass.  147. 
Springfield,  Mo.  169. 
Springlield,     Ohio     155°, 

167. 
States,  meaning  of,  36. 
Steppes  107. 
Stockholm  89°,  98. 
Strait  of  Dover  92. 
Strait  of  Magellan  83. 
Straits   Settlements   116, 

123°. 
Strassburg  97. 
Sucre  81,  83°. 


Sudan  127,  132°. 
Suez  132°,  133. 
Suez  canal  132°,  133. 
Sugar  28,  66,  72,  88,  116, 

133. 
Sumatra  115,  139°. 
Superior  162. 
Sweden  89°,  98. 
Switzerland  89°,  99. 
Sydney  138,  139°. 
Syracuse  149°,  151. 


Tacoma  69,  170,  171°. 
Tahlequah  164°,  166. 
Tallahassee  162°,  163. 
Tampa  162°,  163. 
Tananarive  132. 
Tashkend  107°,  126. 
Tasmania  138,  139°. 
Tea  28,  112,  113. 
Tehaun tepee  71. 
Teheran  107°,  125. 
Tennessee  53°,  162°,  166. 
Terre  Haute  155°. 
Territories  52. 
Texa.s  53°,  64,  58,  166. 
The  Hague  97°,  98. 
Thousand  islands  149. 
Tiber  101. 

Tibet  106,  107°,  112. 
Tide  11. 
Tientsin  107. 
Tierra  del  Fuego  83°,  84. 
Tiflis  107. 
Timber  line  9. 
Timbuktu  132. 


Tin  116. 

Titicaca  lake  81,  83°. 
Tokyo  107°,  114. 
Toledo  156°,  166. 
Topeka  168,  159°. 
Toronto  69. 
Transvaal  132°,  134. 
Trenton  149°,  152. 
Trieste  97. 
Trinidad  83. 
Tripoli  132°,  134. 
Tropics,  S.  iii,  41. 
Troy  149. 
Tucson  168,  169°. 
Tundras  107°,  122. 
Tunis  132°,  133. 
Turkestan  107. 
Turkey    89°,    102,    107°, 
124,  125. 


United  States 

Animals  46,  60. 

Area,  S.  iii. 

Cities  47-49,  51,  66-66, 
74,  143-170. 

Climate  45,  55. 

People  42,  54. 

Plants  45. 

Population,  S.  iii,  iv. 

Products  56-64. 

Belief    maps    49,     60, 
140-141. 

States  52,  143-170. 

Surface  39,  47-51. 
Uruguay  83°,  84. 
UUh  53°,  168,  169°. 


Valencia  103. 
Valparaiso  82,  83°. 
Vancouver  69. 
Vatican  101. 
Venezuela  82,  83°. 
Venice  97°,  101. 
Vera  Cruz  69°,  71. 
Vermont  53°,  147°,  148. 
Vesuvius  97°,  101. 
Vicksburg  162°,  165. 
Victoria,  Aust.  137,  139°. 
Victoria,  B.C.  69. 
Vienna  97°,  99. 
Virginia  63°,  149°,  153. 
Virginia,  city  168,  169°. 
Vladivostok  107. 
Volcano   8,    9,    66,    101, 

116. 
Volga  river  86. 

W 

Wales ;  see  British  Isles. 
Warsaw  89°,  100. 
Washington,  city  38,  53°, 

149°,  153. 
Washington,    state    53°, 

170,  171°. 
Waterbury  147°,  148. 
Waterloo  97°. 
Weather  record  17. 
Wellington  139. 
West  Indies  72,  73°. 
West  Point  149°,  151. 
West  Virginia  63°,  149°, 
Western  Australia  139. 


Western    highland ;     se» 

Rocky  mt.  highland. 
Western  plains  49, 

163. 
Wheat  28,  68,  100. 
Wheeling  149°,  163. 
White  sea  89. 
Wichita  169. 
Wilmington,    Del.     149°, 

162. 
Wilmington,    N.C.    162°, 

163. 
Windward  islands  73. 
Winnipeg  69. 
Winona  159. 
Wisconsin      53°,      166°, 

157. 
Woonsocket  147. 
Worcester  146,  147°. 
Wyoming  53°,  170,  171°. 


Yarkand  107. 
Yellow  river,  107°,  112, 
Yellow  sea  107. 
Yellowstone     park     63°, 

144°. 
Yokohama  107°,  114. 
Youngstown  166. 
Yucatan  69°. 


Zanzibar  132. 
Zones  24,  25. 
Zurich  97. 


GROUPING  OF  PICTURES 

To  suggest  a  method  of  use.     Figures  refer  to  pages 


Natdral  Fobhs 

Brook  or  river  2,  3,  4,  5, 

7,  47,  51,  68,  76,  85, 
93,  94,  96,  99,  101, 
106,  122,  127,  134, 
143,  161,jl58,  161. 

Hill  or  mountain  2,  6, 

8,  9,  11,  12,  33,  48, 


63,  72,  75,  85,  94,  99, 
102,  106,  122,  127, 
135,  143,  167. 

Ocean  2,  12,  15,  65,  72. 

Plain  6,  10,  33,  60,  64, 
72,  91,  98,  100,  108, 
120,  122,  124,  126, 
127,  168. 


Plateau  5,  10,  47,   48, 

85,  167. 
Pond  or  lake  2, 4,  5, 12. 
Shore  forms  2,  3,  4,  7, 

11,  15,  22. 
Valley  2,  3,  4,  5,  7,  8, 

10,  12,  47,  48,  76,  86, 

94,  99,  127,  135,  167. 


Volcano  S,  116,  170. 
Waterfall  2,  39,  51. 
People 
Black  race  1,  32,   120, 

134,  138. 
Brown  race  1,   13,  28, 

35,  66,  111,  114,  116, 

120. 


Bed  race  1,  33,  36,  42, 
80,  81,  84. 

White  race  16,  27,  44, 
61,  62,  70,  90,  91,  94, 
96, 102,  103, 106,  111, 
125,  126,  133,  150. 

Tellow  race  1,  34,  36, 
44,  66,  111,  112,  126. 


We  live  on  a  great  ball  made  of  land  and 
water.  It  is  called  the  earth.  It  is  a  very 
large  ball,  and  we  can  see  only  a  small  part 
of  it  at  a  time. 

This  book  tells  about  this  great  ball  and  the 
people  that  live  on  it.  Here  are  pictures  of 
a  few  of  them. 

The  brown  girl  lives  in  a  warm  land.  She 
can  weave  baskets  and  mats.  She  often  goes 
to  see  her  brother  at  work  in  the  wet  fields 
where  rice  grows. 

Boys  of  some  countries  have  black  skin  and 
woolly  hair,  like  the  boy  at  the  door  of  the 
tent.  This  boy  has  been  hunting  with  his 
father.  We  shall  read  about  the  queer  animals 
he  sees. 

This  Indian  boy  is  the  son  of  a  chief.  He 
knows  how  to  shoot  with  the  bow  and  arrow, 
and  he  can  ride  a  horse.  The  pretty  things 
round  his  neck  are  made  of  beads. 


The  yeUow  boy  has  a  box  in  his  hand. 
It  is  full  of  tea  leaves  that  grow  near  his 
home.    Find  out  all  you  can  about  tea  leaves. 

This  book  tells  about  the  people  of  many 
lands.  It  tells  what  they  see  and  what  kind 
of  work  they  do.  It  tells  what  they  sell  to  us 
and  what  we  sell  to  them.  It  shows  pictures 
of  their  homes,  and  of  the  plants  and  animals 
they  see. 

Geography  is  a  true  story  of  the  earth  and 
its  people. 


RAIN  AND   SPRINGS 


2.    Rain  and  springs 

First  let  us  study  some  of  the 
things  that  all  people  see  and  use. 
One  of  these  is  water. 

Water  has  many  uses.  We  need 
it  to  drink  and  to  wash  with.  If 
plants  cannot  get  water,  they  dry 
up  and  die. 

Rain  is  fresh 
water.    It 
falls  from 


From  source  to  mouth 


the  clouds.    Some  of  it  forms  brooks.   A  brook 
is  a  small  stream. 

Part  of  the  rain  sinks  into  the  ground.    It 
wets  the  seeds  and  they  begin  to  grow.    The 


roots  of  plants  take  in  water  and  it  climbs  up 
to  the  buds  and  leaves.  Then  they  put  forth 
blossoms,  and  fruits  grow  for  us. 

Part  of  the  water  in  the  grotmd  flows  into 
wells.     People  pump  it  up  to  use  in  many 

ways.  Some  of  j-iBjragi—i""^^ 

the  ground  water  "^    '  ^ 

comes  out  and 
runs  into  brooks. 
Water   flowing 
out  of  the  ground 
forms  a  spring. 
water  in  most 
ings  is  clear 
and  pure. 
We  like  to 
drink  it. 

Some 
brooks  flow 
long  after 
the  rain 
stops.  They 
are  fed  by 
water  in 
the  groimd. 
into  the 
ponds. 

Helps.  —  Name  some  of  the  uses  of  water.  Does  the 
word  "kitchen"  help  you  to  think  of  other  uses?  Does 
sled  ?  —  boat?  —  mill  ?  —  ice  ?  —  skate  ?  —  melon  ? 

What  is  rain  ?  Where  does  it  come  from  ?  Where  does 
it  go?  What  is  a  brook?  Of  what  use  is  water  in  the 
ground  ?    Where  does  the  water  in  wells  come  from  ? 


A  waterfall 


It  creeps  along  and  runs  out 
brooks.    Some  brooks  flow  from 


HILL  AND  VALLEY 


3 


What  is  a  spring  ?   Why  do  v?e  like  spring 
■water?   Have  you  ever  seen  a  spring?   There 
I  is  a  picture  of  a  spring  on  page  4. 

Where  have  you  seen  a  brook?    Where 
[  Jbave  you  seen  a  pond  ? 

3.   Hill  and  valley- 
Find  a  hill  in  the  picture.    A  hill 

is  a  mass  of  land  that  rises  higher 

than  the  land  around  it. 

See  the  brook  on  the  side  of  the 

hill.    The  rain  fills  many  brooks. 

They  flow  to  the  low  land  at  the  foot 

of  the  hill .   This  low  land  is  a  valley. 
The  brooks  spread  out  and  make 

a  pond  at  the  foot  of  the  hUl.    The 

pond  is  in  the  valley.  A  brook  flows 

out  of  the  pond.    We  may  call  this 

brook  the  outlet  of  the  pond. 

A  pond  is  a  small  body  of  water 

with    land    all    around    it,    except 

where  a  stream  flows  in  or  out. 
Any  land  that  slants  is  a  slope. 

The  side  of  a  hill  or  valley  is  a 

slope.    Some  slopes  are  gentle,  others  are  steep. 

Brooks  run  swiftly  down  steep  slopes. 

Swift    brooks    wash    away    the    fine    soil. 

They  carry  it  down  into  the  valleys.    Many 

valleys   have   deep   rich    soil   that    rain   and 

brooks  have  washed  from  the  hills. 
Trees  grow  well  in  poor  soil  on 

hiUs.    They  send  their  roots  far 

out   in   the   loose   soil   to   find 

water.    Most 

plants  grow  best 

in  rich  soil  in  the 

lowlands.  There 

is    also    more 

water  for  plants 

in  the  low  land. 

It  flows  down  in 

brooks,  and  some 

of  it  also  runs 

out  in  springs  at 

the  foot  of  the 

hms. 


A  steamboat  on  a  wide  river 


The  rain  swells  the  brooks  and  rivers 

Helps.  —  Where  have  you  seen  a  hill?  Find  pictures 
of  two  hills  in  this  book.  What  is  a  hill  ?  Try  to  think  of 
some  of  the  uses  of  hills. 

Is  there  a  brook  near  your  school?  Where  do  brooks 
get  water  ? 

Where  have  you  seen  a  valley?    Find  pictures  of  two 
valleys.    What  is  a  valley?    How  does  a  hill  differ  from 
a  valley? 

What  is  the  foot  of  a  hill?    What  is  a  pond? 
How  do  you  think  the  pond  in  the  picture  was 
made?    Which  brook  is  the  outlet? 

What  is  a  slope? 
%i-  !~ZI~  I    Which    part   of    the 

picture  shows  a  steep 
slope?  AVhich  part 
shows  a  gentle  slope  ? 
Would  it  be  just  as 
well  if  all  the  land 
were  level? 

Where  do  many 
valleys  get  rich  soil  ? 
What  brings  it? 
Give  two  reasons  why 
farms  in  low  lands 
are  better  than  many 
farms  on  the  sides  of 
hills. 


BEOOK  AND  lilVEE 


m 


4.   Brook  and 

'        nver 

A  river  is  like 

j  l^y     a   brook    but 

larger.     It  is  a        ;   " 

V'  .'^     large   stream 

flowing    over 

'  :     \  'i     the  land.  Many 

brooks  may 

run  together 

and  form  a 

nver. 

All  rivers 

flow  down 

slopes. 

The  upper 

end  of    ,                       i 

■    i  fiil'^  ''  ^  river  is  its 

head 

'  '  ■ '         or   source. 

out  of  some  lakes.  Such  streams  are  outlets. 
The  lakes  supply  them  with  water  long  after 
the  rain  stops.    See  picture  of  lake  on  page  12. 

The  land  on  which  a  river  flows  is  its  bed. 
Some  river  beds  are  nearly  level  and  the 
rivers  flow  slowly.  If  the  bed  is  steep,  the  river 
flows  swiftly  and  forms  rapids.  Water  falling 
over  a  very  steep  place  forms  a  loaterfall. 

The  land  along  the  sides  of  a  river  we  call 
its  hanks.  We  must  face  down  the  stream  to 
name  its  banks.  Then  the  one  on  the  right 
is  the  right  bank,  and  the  other  is  the  left 
bank. 

Each  branch  of  a  river  has  a  source.  It  may 
be  a  spring,  a  pond  or  a  lake.  Some  streams 
flow  from  hot  springs.  Others  start  from 
melting  snow  or  ice.  Most  rivers  are  fed  by 
many  springs. 

Streams  often  flow  from  many  small  valleys 
into  a  large  valley.  All  the  streams  that  meet 
in  one  valley  form  a  system.  A  river  system 
has  a  main  stream  and  many  branches.  One 
picture  on  the  next  page  shows  a  few  of  the 
rivers  in  a  large  system. 


The 
lower 
end 
is  its 
mouth. 

A  lake  is  like  a  pond  but 
larger.  It  is  a  large  body  of 
water  with  land  all  around 
it,  except  where  a  stream 
flows  in  or  out. 

Some  streams  flow  into 
small  hollows  and  make 
ponds.  Other  streams  flow 
into  large  hollows  and  make 
lakes.     Streams  also  flow 


Some  of  the  sources  of  streams 


F 

■  All  the  land  that  sends  water  to  a  river 

■  forms  the  basin  of  the  river.  A  basin  is 
made  of  land  that  slopes.  Every  river  sys- 
tem   is   in  a   basin.     The    streams    drain   or 

|.„.  -  -  -  -  -  -"• 


BEOOK  AND  EIVEE 


Helps.  —  What  is  a  river  ?  How  does  a  river  differ  from 
a  brook  ?    How  are  some  rivers  formed  ? 

What  is  the  source  of  a  river  ?    Where  is  its  mouth  ? 

What  is  a  lake?  How  does  a  lake  differ  from  a  pond? 
Tell  how  some  ponds  and  lakes  are  formed.  What  is  an  out- 
let?   Where  may  rivers  get  water  when  no  rain  is  falling? 


I 
I 


All  the  streams  that  meet  in  one  valley  form  a  system.    All  the  land  that  sends  water  to  a  river  forms  its  basin 


I 


Most  rivers  flow  into  a  large  body  of 
salt  water.  It  covers  three  fourths  of  the 
earth.  We  call  it  the  ocean.  The  picture 
on  page  22  shows  a  very  small  part  of  it. 

Rivers  and  lakes  are 
very  useful.  They  sup- 
ply towns  with  drink- 
ing water.  Swift  rivers 
turn  mill  wheels  that  saw 
wood,  grind  corn  or  make 
cloth. 

Ships  can  sail  on  deep  lakes 
and  rivers.  They  carry  peo- 
ple  and   freight   from   city  to 

city.     Ships    also    sail  on   the  ,   . 

''  -A-    ^  1       •  -*•  river  system 

ocean.     J^ish  are  caught  m 

streams  and  lakes  as  well  as  in  the  ocean. 


AVhat  is  the  bed  of  a  river?  In  what  direction  must 
every  stream  flow?  Why  do  rivers  wind  about?  Why  are 
some  rivers  swift  and  others  slow  ?  What  are  rapids  ?  What 
is  a  waterfall  ? 

What  is  a  river  bank  ?  Which  is  the  left  bank  of  a  river? 
What  is  a  branch?     Name  three  sources  of  streams. 
What   do   the   pictures   on  page   4   show   about 
sources  ? 

a  river  system  fonned?  What 
name  is  given  to  the  largest 
stream  in  the  system?  What 
name  is  given  to  the  other 
streams  of  the  system  ? 

What  is  the  basin  of  a  river? 
What   is    a    basin    made    of? 
What    drains   a    river    basin  ? 
How  does  a  basin  differ  from  a  system  ? 

Name  some  of  the  uses  of  lakes  and  rivers. 
What  does  the  lesson  tell  about  the  ocean? 
Can  you  name  some  fish  from  the  salt  ocean  ? 


HOW  SOIL  IS  MADE 


5.   How  soil  is  made 

Rocks  decay  like  wood  but  not  so  fast. 
The  rocks  crumble  to  sand  and  dust,  but  it 
takes  a  long  time  for  them  to  decay. 

The  wind  blows  dust  and  sand  about. 
Raindrops  wash  them  here  and  there.  Brooks 
wash  them  down  the  slopes.  Thus  the  little 
grains  of  sand  are  rubbed  together  and  broken 
finer  and  finer. 

Soil  is  made  mostly  of  rocks  that  decay 
or  are  worn  to  dust.  Water  helps  to  rot  the 
rocks.    Frost  cracks  them  and  often  breaks 


A  dense  forest,  where  leaves  fall  and  plants  decay  to  form  loam 

off  large   pieces.    The  roots  of  plants  grow 
into  cracks  and  pry  rocks  apart. 

Rocks  decay  fastest  at  the  surface,  where 
water  and  air  can  attack  them.    Deep  in  the 
ground  the  rocks  decay  slowly, 
most  of  the  fine  soil  at  the  top. 

Plants  use  fine  soil  for  food, 
holds  rain  water  for  a  long  time  and  gives  it 
to  the  roots  of  plants.    We  cannot  eat  the 
soil,  but  we  can  eat  plants  that  have  used  the 
soil  for  food. 

Plants  grow   well   in  some  kinds  of   soil. 
Such   soil   is   rich  or  fertile.     Some    soil   is 


Thus  we  find 


The  soil  also 


makes  dark  loam.  It  is  rich  soil  for  the  seeds 
and  roots  of  other  plants. 

Do  you  know  any  place  where  ants  are  at 
work?  Watch  them  bring  out  the  fine  earth 
for  their  little  hills. 

Worms  grind  leaves  and  mix  them  in  the 
soil.  They  bring  rich  earth  to  the  surface  and 
make  little  mounds  of  it.  Mounds  of  loam 
made  by  worms  and  ants  are  often  dotted 
over  the  fields.  The  rain  washes  this  rich  soil 
down  to  the  roots  and  seeds.  The  little  earth- 
worms are  very  useful  to  man. 

Helps. — Where  have  you  seen  a  tree 
that  has  begun  to  rot  or  decay  ?  Try  to  find 
a  piece  of  rotten  wood.  Cut  it  and  see  how 
it  crumbles. 

Scrape  a  rusty  nail  till  you  see  the  bright 
iron.  Nails  rust  or  decay  very  fast  in  wet 
places.  Put  a  few  nails  in  salt  water  over 
night.  Can  you  think  why  men  must  paint 
the  bottoms  of  iron  ships  ? 

Break  open  a  small  round  stone  or  peb- 
ble. Which  part  looks  brightest?  Which 
part  has  begun  to  decay? 

How  is  sand  made  ?  How  does  it  differ 
from  dust?  How  are  little  grains  of  rock 
groimd  finer  and  finer? 

Name  three  things  that  help  to  crumble 

rocks.    Which  part  of  a  rock  begins  to  decay 

first?    Why?    Why  carmot  rocks  deep  in 

the  ground  decay  quickly  1   Where  does  the 

finest  soil  form  ?    Why  ? 

What  is  rich  soil?  Give  another  name  for  rich  soil. 
Why  do  not  most  plants  grow  well  in  coarse  soil  ? 

What  becomes  of  leaves  that  fall  and  plants  that  decay  ? 

Of  what  is  loam  made  ?    Why  is  loam  good  soil  for  farms  ? 

Tell  all  you  can  about  ants.    How  do  worms  help  to 

make  the  soil  fertile  ?    How  does  the  rich  soil  in  the  mounds 

of  ants  and  worms  reaich  the  roots  of  plants  ? 


6,   Soil  and  water 


Find  as  many  kinds  of  soil  as  you  can.  Put  each 
in  a  bottle  by  itself. 

Feel  of  loam  and  sand.  Which  is  the  finer? 
Which  is  the  finer,  loam  or  clay? 

Pour  some  water  on  loam,  on  sand  and  on  clay. 
Into  which  does  the  water  sink  most  quickly  ?  Which 


coarse  and  has  but  httle  food  for  the  roots 

When   leaves   fall    and   plants   decay   they  <^"®s  soonest  ?  *   Which  remains  moist  longest 

J  1        •  •  1       1  "  ^  ^  small  box  of  each  will  serve  for  the  whole  class  to 

dust  and  mix  with  the  other  fine  soil.    This  observe. 


HOW  SOIL  IS  CAERIED 


Pour  some  water  on  hard  ground.  Wait  two  min- 
utes and  find  out  how  far  the  water  has  sunk  in. 
Loosen  a  little  of  the  hard  ground  and  try  it  again. 
Try  to  find  out  why  farmers  plow  the  soil. 

Stir  some  fine  soil  in  a  glass  of  water,  and  stir 
coarse  sand  in  another  Let  both  glasses  stand  for  a 
while  and  see  what  takes  place.    Which  settles  first? 

Stir  fine  soil  and  coarse  sand  together  in  a  glass  of 
water  and  let  it  stand.  Which  settles  on  the  other? 
Now  stir  the  water  in  this  glass  very  gently.  Does 
the  moving  water  take  up  the  soil  or  the  sand  first  ? 

Which  do  you  think  running  water  can  carry 
farthest,  sand  or  fine  soil  ?  Would  you  look  for  fine 
mud  in  the  beds  of  ponds  or  of 
swift  brooks  ?  Why?  When  a 
muddy  brook  flows  into  a  still 
pond  where  must  the  mud  go  ? 

7.   How  soil  is  carried 

Light  rain  may  all  sink 
into  the  ground.  But  when 
it  rains  hard  some  of  the 
water  forms  tiny  streams 
or  rills.  Many  rills  may 
form  a  brook. 

Most  of  the  rills  are 
muddy.  They  spread  fine 
soil  over  the  fields,  and 
some  of  it  they  wash  away. 
They  even  roll  sand  down 
the  steep  slopes. 

Rills  carry  mud  to  brooks 
and  the  brooks  may  carry 
it  to  rivers.    Now  we  know 
why  brooks  and  rivers    are    muddy  after  a 
hard  rain. 

"When  a  stream  flows  into  still  water  the 
mud  settles.  Each  rain  sends  down  more  of 
the  mud.  Heaps  of  mud  or  sand  form  at  the 
mouths  of  all  rivers  that  flow  into  still  water. 

Swift  streams  cut  their  banks  and  wash 
away  the  soil.  Some  of  it  settles  in  still 
water  along  the  sides  of  the  streams.  Here  it 
forms  meadows.  When  the  rivers  are  high 
they  often  overflow  the  flat  meadows. 

Part  of  the  mud  is  carried  to  the  mouths  of 
the  streams.    There  it  may  settle  and  form 


mud  islands.  They  are  built  highest  when 
the  water  is  very  high.  When  the  water  is 
low  they  become  dry  land. 

All  the  low  land  made  of  mud  or  soil  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river  is  called  the  delta  of  the 
river.  The  soil  in  deltas  is  deep  and  rich. 
When  they  are  dry  enough  they  are  good 
places  for  farms.  Some  deltas  are  so  large 
that  great  cities  are  built  on  them. 

A  delta  cannot  form  in  water  that  flows 
swiftly,  for  the  soil  cannot  settle. 

Little  by  little  the  rain 
and  streams  wash  the  fine 
rock  or  soil  down  the 
slopes.  Thus  most  slopes 
are  slowly  crumbling  and 
wearing  away. 

Most  of  the  valleys  that 
we  see  were  made  by  run- 
ning water.  The  water 
has  worn  them  away,  just 
as  it  wears  gullies  when 
rain  falls.  Of  course  the 
work  has  taken  a  long 
time.  Most  of  the  hills 
are  high  places  left  when 
the  water  wore  down  the 
valleys.  All  this  work  is 
still  going  on  very  slowly. 


Kivers  can  wear  deep  valleys  even  in  rocks, 
and  carry  away  the  soil 


Helps.  —  What  is  a  rill  ?  How 
does  it  differ  from  a  brook  ?  When 
can  we  see  many  rills  ? 

Why  are  rills  often  muddy  ?  What  becomes  of  the  mud 
they  carry?  Why  are  rivers  often  muddy  after  a  heavy 
rain  ? 

When  must  a  brook  or  river  lose  the  soil  it  carries? 
What  streams  form  banks  of  mud  at  their  mouths  ? 

Why  are  many  swift  streams  muddy?  Where  can  the 
soil  settle?  When  does  the  most  mud  settle  on  low  fields 
near  rivers? 

Tell  how  rivers  form  islands  at  their  mouths.  What  is 
a  delta?  Why  are  deltas  good  places  for  farms?  Where 
does  the  soil  of  deltas  come  from?  Why  cannot  deltas  form 
where  the  water  runs  swiftly? 

Why  are  most  slopes  always  changing  their  form?  How 
were  most  valleys  made?    How  were  most  hills  made? 

Do  you  know  of  any  place  where  rain  has  cut  gullies 
or  washed  away  soil  or  sand  1 


8 


MOUNTAIN  AND   VOLCANO 


Mouutaius  have  mauy  iuims 


Mountain  and  volcano 

A  mountain  is  a  great  mass  of  land  higher  than  the 
land  near  it.    A  mountain  is  like  a  hill  but  larger. 

Mountains  have  many  forms.    Some  have  round  tops. 
Some  have  sharp  tops  or  peaks.    Others  look  like  the 
teeth  of  a  saw.    The  top  of  a  moun- 
tain is  its  summit. 

In  some  mountains  the  rocks  are 
bent.    Others  are  made  of  level  beds 
of  rock.    Still  others  are  made  of 
rocks  twisted  and  slanted. 

Rain   and   streams  slowly  cut 

away  the  sides  of  mountains  and 

change  their  forms.    The  rocks 

crumble  to  soil  and  most  of  it 

is  washed  away. 

"^1    Thus  the  soil  on 

the  steep  sides  is 

not  so  rich  as  in 

the  valleys. 

In  some  places 
the  rocks  are 
washed  bare. 
Very  steep  rocky 
slopes  are  cliffs. 
Deep  valleys 
among  the  hUls 
or  mountains  are 
called  gorges  or 
ca7iyons. 

A  row  of  moun- 
tains is  a  range  or 
Sharp  peaks  chain.    Most  of 

the  mountains  of  the  earth  are  in  long 
ranges  or  chains. 

Only  a  few  people  live  on  the  sides  of  moun- 
tains. The  land  is  rough  and  good  roads  are 
hard  to  make.  In  some  places  there  is  enough 
grass  for  cattle  and  sheep,  but  most  of  the  soil 
is  poor.    Can  you  tell,  why  ? 

The  tops  of  high  mountains  reach  far  up  into 
the  cold  air.  Round  some  peaks  it  is  too  cold 
to  rain,  but  snow  often  falls  on  them  from 
high  clouds. 

Snow  and  ice  cover  some  mountain  tops  all 
the  year.    In  many  places  great  rivers  of  ice 


MOUNTAIN  AND   VOLCANO 


9 


move  slowly  down  the  slopes.  They  creep  only  a  few 
inches  a  day.  When  the  ice  reaches  the  lower  and 
warmer  valleys  it  melts  and  forms  brooks  or  rivers. 

A  river  of  ice  moving  down  a  slope  is  a  glacier. 

The  snow  and  ice  that  melt  on 
mountains  feed  many  brooks 
They  may  flow  to- 
gether and  form 
rivers.  Most  of  the 
large  rivers  in  the 
world  are  fed  in 
part  by  melting 
snow  and  ice. 
They  flow  even  in 
dry  times  when  no 
rain  falls  in  the 
low  lands. 

Trees  grow  well 
in  the  coarse  soil 
on  mountains.  The 
long  roots  reach 
far  and  wide  for 
water  and  soil. 
But  trees  do  not 
grow  on  high  peaks 
where  snow  lies  all  the  year.  On  the  sides  of  such 
peaks  there  is  a  line  above  which  there  is  always  snow. 
This  is  the  snow  line.  Trees  do  not  grow  above  the 
snow  line.  It  is  too  cold.  Some  plants  grow  near 
the  snow  line,  but  the  large  trees  are  below.  The  line 
up  to  which  trees  grow  is  the  timber  line. 

On  the  tops  of  the  highest  peaks  there  are  only 
snow  and  bare  rocks.  Strong  winds  whistle  round  the 
peaks,  whirling  the  snow  about.    Nothing  lives  there. 

Some  mountains  are  low  and  have  trees  to  the  very 
top.  Roads  are  built  up  their  sides  and  people  like  to 
climb  them  in  the  summer.  The  air  is  cooler  than  in 
the  valley.    Wild  animals  make  their  homes  here. 

Grass  grows  in  many  high  valleys  on  the  sides  of 
mountains.  In  the  summer  cattle  and  sheep  Uke  ti 
feed  in  these  cool  valleys. 

Some  rocks  contain  gold,  silver,  iron  or  lead.  Sucl: 
rocks  are  dug  from  the  sides  of  many  mountains. 

The  upper  picture  on  page  8  shows  a  vol- 
cano. It  is  made  of  melted  rock  and  ashes. 
Melted  rock  is  called  lava.  The  lava  and  ashes 
come  out  of  the  earth  through  a  hole  or  crater. 

A  volcano  is  a  great  heap  of  lava  and  ashes 
having  a  crater.  Some  volcanoes  seem  to  be 
asleep.  Others  are  active  and  throw  out  lava, 
mud  and  water. 


Some  hills  and  mountains  are  made  of  rocks  bent  into  arches 


Helps. — How  does  a  mountain  differ  from  a  hill?  What 
is  a  mountain?  What  do  the  pictures  show  about  the 
forms  of  mountains? 

What  do  the  pictures  show  about  the  rocks  in  moun- 
tains?    What  does  the  lesson  tell  about 
the  rocks? 

How  are  valleys  made  on  the 
sides  of  mountains? 
Why  is  the  soil  in 
valleys  richer  than 
that  on  mountain 
sides?  What  is  a 
peak  ?  —  a  cliff  ?  — 
a  gorge  or  canyon? 
—  a  range  or  chain? 
Why  do  few  peo- 
ple live  on  moun- 
tains ?  What  is  said 
about  rain  and  snow 
on  high  peaks  ?  Tell 
what  you  can  about 
ice  on  mountains. 

What  is  the  snow 

line?    What  is  the 

timber  line?    What 

is  said    about  trees 

on  high  mountains  ?    What  would  you  expect  to  see  on  a 

very  high  mountain  peak? 


Some  hills  and  mountains  are  made  of  rocks  in  bands  or  layers 

Why  do  people  like  to  go  to  the  mountains  in  summer  ? 
What  would  you  expect  to  see  on  some  low  mountains  ? 

Name  some  useful  things  that  come  from  rocks.  Of 
what  is  a  volcano  made?   AVhat  comes  from  a  crater? 


10 


PLAIN  AND   PLATEAU 


9.   Plain  and  plateau 

A  plain  is  land  that  is  level  or  nearly  level. 
It  is  easy  to  travel  over  such  land,  for  there  are 
no  high  hills  to  climb. 


A  plain  that  yields  cotton 

Some  plains  are  very  long  and 
wide.   Roads  upon  them  may  run  straight  away 
for  many  miles.    If  the  soil  is  rich  and  there 
is  plenty  of  rain,  such  plains  make  good  farms. 

Streams  have  filled  some  ponds  and  lakes  with 
mud  and  thus  made  plains.  The  soil  of  such  plains 
is  deep  and  rich. 

In  many 
places  all  the 
water  has  flowed 
out  of  ponds  and 
lakes,  leaving 
smooth  muddy 
bottoms.  Some 
of  the  best  farms 
in  the  world  are 
on  the  old  beds 
of  lakes. 

Some  great 
plains  are  made 
of  melted  rock 
that  has  flowed 
out    of    the 


the  most  grass  for  cattle,  the  deepest  rivers  for 
vessels,  the  smoothest  land  for  roads. 

Some  plains  are  dry  and  sandy.    Often  the 
sand  is  blown  into  high  hills.    Few  plants  can 
row  in  such  dry  places,  and  few 
animals  can  live  there. 
A  large  dry  region  where 
there  is  not  much 
life  is  a  desert. 
Some  deserts  are 
plains,  others  are 
hilly  regions. 

High  plains  are 
called  plateaus. 
Most  plateaus  are  un- 
even.   Water  has  worn 
deep  valleys  in  them. 
The  plateau  shown  on 
this  page  is  high  and  wide. 
Its  valleys  were  made  by  brooks  and  rivers. 
When  plateaus  are  deeply  worn  the  coun- 
try becomes  too  rough  to  travel  over  easily. 
Such  rough  land  is  thinly  settled,  but  people 
uiav  live  tlii'Vi'  to  work  in  mines. 


A  high  plain  or  plateau  with  deep  valleys  cut  by  streams 


ground.  When  the  rock  cools  it  is  hard  and  plants  can- 
not grow  on  it.  But  after  a  very  long  time  the  rock 
crumbles  to  soil.    Such  soil  is  very  rich. 

Deltas  axe  plains.    So  are  the  meadows  along  the 
sides  of  rivers. 

Most  of  the  people  of  the  earth  live  on 
plains.    Here  we  find  the  richest  soil  for  plants, 


Helps.  —  What  is  a  plain  ?  Which  are  easier  to  travel 
over,  hills  or  plains  ?    On  which  are  the  roads  straighter  ? 

What  do  plains  need  to  make  the  best  farms  ? 

Tell  some  of  the  ways  in  which  plains  are  made.  Why 
do  most  people  live  on  plains  ? 

AVhat  is  a  desert?  What  does  the  lesson  tell  about 
deserts?  What  is  a  plateau?  Why  are  most  plateaus 
uneven?    What  makes  valleys  in  them? 


SHOEE  FOEMS 


11 


10.   Shore  forms 

An  island  is  land  with  water  on  all  sides. 
It  is  easy  to  send  goods  in  boats  to  and  from 
islands.    Many  of  the  largest  trading  cities  of 

Kthe  world  are  on  islands. 
A  peninsula  has  water  on  nearly  all  sides. 
The  word  "  peninsula  "  means  almost  an  island. 
Find  the  word  "isthmus"  in  the  pictine. 
The  word  means  neck.     An  isthmus  is  a 
Bft  neck  of  land  that  joins  two  bodies  of  land. 
■'       Find  the  word  "strait"  in  the  picture. 
The  word  means  narrow.    A  strait  is  a  strip 
of  water  that  joins  two  bodies  of  water. 

Uln  many  places  arms 
of  water  reach  into  val- 
leys in  the  land.  There 
are  long  arms  and  short 
arms.  They  are  called 
hays,  gulfs  and  seas.    A 


Which  picture  is  marked  high  tide  ?  Which 
is  marked  loiv  tide?  How  do  these  pictures 
differ  from  each  other?  The  water  in  these 
pictures  is  part  of  the  ocean. 

Twice  each  day  the  water  of  the  ocean 
slowly  rises  oh  the  shore.  Twice  each  day  it 
slowly  falls  and  lays  the  shore  bare.  It  takes 
about  six  hours  for  the  water  to  rise  and  about 


tt 


The  tide  is  low 

bay  is  like  a  gulf  or  a  sea.  Some  are  so  wide 
that  a  swift  steamer  cannot  cross  them  in  a  day. 

The  land  beside  a  body  of  water  is  a  shore. 
Some  shores  are  low,  others  are  high.  Some 
are  made  of  sand,  others  are  made  of  rock. 
Waves  carry  sand  many  miles  along  some 
shores.    A  shore  is  also  called  a  coast. 

A  cape  is  a  point  of  land  that  juts  out  into 
water.    Some  capes  are  low,  others  are  high. 

The  wind  brushes  over  the  water  and  makes 
waves.  At  times  they  are  large  enough  to 
sink  ships.  A  bay  or  other  place  where  vessels 
are  safe  from  storms  is  a  harbor.  A  city  by  a 
harbor  is  a  port.  Many  of  the  large  cities  of 
the  world  are  seaports. 


six  hours  for  it  to 
fall.    This  daily  rise 
and  fall  of  the  water 
on  the  shores  is 
called  the  tide.^ 
When  the  tide 
goes  out  it  washes  the  harbors.    When  the 
tide  rises  clean  water  flows  in.    Vessels  can 
go  in  and  out  of  harbors  easily  with  the 
tides.    The  moving  water  helps  to  carry 
them  in  and  out. 

Helps. — How  does  an  island  differ  from  a  peninsula? 
What  does  the  word  "  peninsula  "  mean? 

What  does  "isthmus"  mean?  What  is  an  isthmus? 
What  does  "  strait  "  mean?  What  is  a  strait?  How  does 
a  strait  differ  from  an  isthmus  ? 

What  is  a  bay?.  What  other  names  are  given  to  arms 
of  water  reaching  into  the  land  ? 

What  is  a  shore?  What  do  the  pictures  show  about 
shores?  What  is  said  of  the  work  of  waves  on  shores? 
Give  another  name  for  "  shore." 

What  makes  waves?  What  harm  is  done  by  waves? 
Where  do  vessels  try  to  go  in  storms?  What  is  a  harbor? 
What  is  a  port?    What  is  a  lake  port? —  a  seaport? 

How  many  tides  are  there  each  day  ?  Of  what  use  are 
tides  ?    Later  you  will  learn  how  the  moon  causes  tides. 

1 A  few  places  have  only  one  tide  a  day,  and  a  few  others 
have  more  than  two  tides. 


12 


FORMS  OF  WATER 


11.   Forms  of  water 

We  have  all  seen  steam  or  vapor  coming 
from  a  hot  kettle.  We  have  seen  the  vapor 
rise  in  the  air.  But  have  you  ever  thought 
what  makes  the  great  clouds  that  float  high 
in  the  air? 

These  clouds  are  like  the  vapor  from  the 
kettle.    Vapor  rises  from  wet  ground  and 
from  other  things  that  dry.    It  rises  also 
from  lakes,  ponds  and  rivers.    But  most 
of  it  rises  from  the  wide  oceans.    This    ; 
vapor  forms  the  clouds. 

Far  up  in  the  sky  the  air  is  cold.  When 
clouds  are  cold  enough  they  turn  to  rain. 
The  rain  falls  in  drops  to  the  earth.  Part  '" 
of  it  forms  brooks  and  rivers.    In  this 
way  the  water  goes  back  to  the  lakes 
and  the  ocean. 

Fog  is  a  cloud  near  the  earth.  Many 
vessels  are  lost  when  the  air  at  sea 
is  foggy.   Can  you  think  why  ?      ^.  • 


vapor  freezes  on  grass,  stones  or  other  things 
and  ioYvas,  frost.    Some  of  it  looks  like  velvet. 

We  all  know  that  ice  is  frozen  water. 
Some  of  us  have  skated  on  frozen  ponds.  Ice 
is  very  useful  when  hot  days  come. 

One  of  the  pictures  on  page  44  shows  a  home  far 
north  of  us  in  a  cold   land.     What  is   there  in  the 


Clouds  over  the  ocean 

Have  you  ever  seen  hail  ?  l)id  it  look  like 
frozen  rain? 

When  the  air  is  very  cold,  part  of  the  vapor 
in  it  may  freeze  and  form  flakes  of  snoio. 
Try  to  catch  some  snowflakes  on  a  piece    —g.-^,^ 
of  black  cloth.    You  will  find  that  they   "S^ 
have  pretty  shapes. 

At  night  the  grass  and  stones  may  be  very 
cold.  Vapor  may  then  float  against  them  and 
change  to  drops  of  dew.    On  very  cold  nights 


picture  to  show  that  it  is  cold  ?  It 
is  too  cold  for  food  plants  to  grow 
there.  The  people  eat  fish  and  the 
flesh  of  seals. 
Far  south  of  us  snow  never  falls  and 
water  never  freezes.  Many  of  the 
trees  are  filled  with  fruit.  The  people  live 
most  of  the  time  out  of  doors. 
Tlie  pictures  on  this  page  show  clouds  high  up 
in  the  air.  The  clouds  are  vapor,  just  like  that 
rising  from  the  kettle  on  the  stove.  The  heat  of 
the  sun  makes  vapor  rise  from  the  ocean,  just  as  the 
heat  in  the  stove  makes  it  rise  from  the  kettle.  The 
ocean  is  salt,  but  the  vapor  from  it  is  fresh. 

Helps.  —  What  becomes  of  the  cloud  rising  from  a  hot 
kettle  ?  Where  does  most  of  the  vapor  in  the  air  come  from  ? 
Where  else  does  it  come  from? 

What  makes  clouds  turn  to  rain?  Breathe  against  a 
cold  window  pane  and  tell  what  you  see. 

What  is  fog?    What  may  happen  in  a  fog  on  the  ocean? 


What  does  hail  look  like  ?   What  makes  snow?    Draw  the 
little  snowflakes  shown  in  the  picture. 

When  does  dew  form?    AVhat  makes  it  form?    What  is 
frost  ?   AVhat  is  ice  ?    Name  some  of  the  uses  of  ice. 


POINTS  OF  THE  COMPASS 


II 
It 


12.    Points  of 
the  compass 

The  sun  rises 
m  or  near  the 
east.  It  sets  in 
:or  near  the  west. 

Face  the  east. 
North  is  now  at 
jour  left  hand. 
'Bouth  is  at  your 
right.  West  is 
behind  you. 

At  midday  all 
hadows  where 

e  live  point 
north.  Try  to 
find  out  at  what 


:'     ■  'i* 

i' 

^^1 

^ 

m. 

^HIiQ 

i^H 

W 

fwl 

^H 

'' 

mm 

9 

'jmm 

n  /         '^^            '  ^K 

nl^^^^l 

^^^11 

■ 

^s    V^« 

IjH^ 

SB 

n 

^^B^'^u 

Ml^i^l 

i 

1^^^^^  "'if" 

B 

\ 

^i         ^^^'rlWlPi 

y 

ii 

The  brown  people  live  in  a  warm 
part  of  the  earth.  They  need 
but  little  clothing 


time  of  day  a  post  or  tree 

I  casts  the  shortest  shadow. 
Sailors  use  the  compass  to  show  north,  south,  east 
and  west.    Below  is  a  picture  of  a  compass.    You  can 
,„ w  ,=-,  w     ,„        .„  see  a  round  card 


h- 


L 


I — w (K— L 


w 

I 

w 

D 

w 

I 

IK 


Floor  plan  of  a  schoolhouse 


with  letters  on  it. 
What  are  the  let- 
ters? What  do 
they  mean  ? 

Under  the  card 
there  is  a  little 
bar  or  needle  of 
steel.  It  is  a  mag- 
net that  swings 
easily.  Even  a 
breath  of  air 
would  swing  it,  if 
it  were  not  under 


a  glass  cover.  The  earth  draws  this  needle  and  makes 
it  point  almost  north  and  south.  In  some  places  it 
points  just  north  and  south. 

The  sun  and  the  stars  also  help  sailors  to  find  their 
way.  But  they 
cannot  see  the  sun 
on  foggy  days, 
nor  the  stars  on 
cloudy  nights. 
Yet  the  little 
compass  needle 
points  out  the 
way  even  when 
the  sun  and  stars 
are  not  in  sight.  Mariner's  compass 


13 


How 


r 


w 


□ 
□ 

□ 

□ 


□ 
□ 

□ 


□ 


□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 


□ 
□ 

□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 


w 


w 


Helps.  —  Point  to  the  place  where  the  sun  rises, 
often  does  it  rise  ? 

Where  is  the  sun  at  noon  ?    Where  does  it  set  ?    Point 
to  the  east.    Point  to  the  west. 

Name  some  objects  that  are  east  of  you.    Name  some 
that  are  west  of  you. 

Turn  your  face  to  the  north.  Are  there  any  trees,  hills 
or  houses  north  of  you  ?  Turn  your  back  to  the  north.  In 
what  direction  are 
you  now  facing? 
Name  some  ob- 
jects south  of  you. 

Which  is  the  «" 
north  side  of  your 
schoolhouse? 
Which  is  the  west 
side?  Can  you 
name  a  street  that  "^ 
runs  north  and 
south?  Can  you 
name  one  that 
runs  east  and 
west  ? 

Point  halfway 
between  north  and 
east.  We  call  this 
direction  n  o  r  t  fa- 
east.  It  is  often 
writ  t  e  n  N.  E. 
Where  will  you  look  for  northwest?  How  else  may  you 
write  it?    Where  is  southwest?    Where  is  southeast? 

What  does  the  lesson  tell  about  the  compass  ? 

13.    How  maps  are  made' 

A  little  picture  may  show  a  mountain  that  is  two 
or  three  miles  high.  A  little  drawing  may  show  a 
land  that  is  thousands  of 
miles  long. 

Above  is  a  plan  of  a 
schoolroom.  The  plan  is 
less  than  three  inches 
long,  but  the  room  is  three 
hundred  inches  long.  We 
call  this  drawing  to  a  scale 
of  one  to  one  hundred. 

The  floor  plan  of  the 
house  shows    four   large 
rooms.     Which   is   the 
room  shown  on  the  plan  above?    Little  marks  now 
show  where  the  desks  are  placed. 

See  the  plan  of  the  yard  on  page  14.    The  school- 
house  is  shown  by  a  square.     Do  you  see  where  the 

1  Read  and  explain  this  lesson  to  the  pupils. 


Plan  of  a  schoolroom 


EAST 


SODTH 

Compass  card 


14 


HOW  MAPS  ARE  MADE 


Plan  of  a  school  yard 


boys  play  ball?     How  are  the  trees  shown?     Two 

large  rings  show  beds  of  flowers. 

Which  is  the  map  of  the  school  district  ?    Here  we 

see  brooks  and  ponds.    A  road  is  made  across  one  of 

the  ponds.    The 

school  is  on  a 

hilL    On  nearly 

all  sides  the 

slopes  are  steep. 

They  are  shown 

by   fine   lines. 

The  brooks  are 

in  the  valleys. 

A  plan  of  any  part  of  the  earth  is  a  map. 

One  picture  shows  a  model  of  the  school  district. 

It  was  made  of  wax.    Snch  a  model  is  a  relief  or  raised 

map.    It  shows  hills,  valleys,  ponds  and  streets. 

The  first  map  below  shows  part  of  the  city  of  New 

York.    Find  the  City  Hall  and  Post  Office.    Only  a 

few  streets  are  drawn  on  this  map. 

Map  II  gives  more  of  the  same  city.    Find  the  City 

Hall  in  this  map.    Why  is  it  drawn  so  small?    See 

how  narrow  the 
streets  are  made. 
This  map  shows 
the  rivers  on  two 
sides  of  the  city, 
with  wharves 
along  the  water 
front. 

Map  III  shows 
New  York  and 
several  other  cities 
and  towns.  In 
this    map    the 

streets  are  fine  lines.    We  cannot  see  the  buildings 

and  wharves.    They  are  too  small.    This  map  shows 

that  the  Hudson  river  flows  into  New  York  bay. 

I  u 


Map  of  a  school  district 


Find  New  York  on  map  IV.  Find  the  city  of 
Albany.  These  cities  are  nearly  one  hundred  and 
fifty  miles  apart. 

What  river  flows  from  Albany  to  New  York  ?  On 
which  bank  of  the  river  are  the  Catskill  mountains  ? 
Where  is  Brooklyn  ?    This  is  part  of  New  York. 

Why  are  not  the  streets  of  New  York  shown  on 
map  IV  ?  These  little  maps  show  how  the  large  maps 
in  this  book  are  made. 

Many  little  maps  are  made  round  like  the  earth. 
We  may  call  them  globe  maps.    A  globe  is  a  ball. 


Model  or  relief  map  of  a  school  district 

Some  maps  are  printed  in  colors  to  show  which 
lands  belong  to  each  nation  or  group  of  people. 

When  one  inch  on  a  map  shows  a  hundred  miles  in 
nature  we  say  the  scale  ts  1  inch  to  100  miles.  The 
scale  may  be  1  inch  to  1000  miles,  or  it  may  be  more 
or  less.  On  all  the  full-page  colored  maps  you  will 
find  a  scale  line  which  shows  how  long  a  line  equals 
200,  400,  600  or  more  miles.  With  a  measure  you  can 
find  how  far  any  place  is  from  another.    Tiy  it. 


Ill 


IV 


Maps  of  New  York  and  vicinity,  drawn  on  four  different  scales 


15 


THE    EAETH 


14.   Form  and  size  of  the  earth 

Many  people  have  gone  round  the  earth. 
Thus  we  know  it  is  a  ball. 


One  side  of  the  earth 

We  live  on  the  outside  of  the  earth.  The 
outside  of  anything  is  its  surface. 

The  globe  map  on  this  page  shows  one  side 
of  the  earth.  The  dark  parts  are  the  land. 
The  other  parts  are  the  water. 

The  line  where  the  earth  and 
sky  seem  to  meet  is  the  skyline 
or  horizon.  It  is  on  all  sides  of 
us.  On  the  ocean  the  horizon 
is  round. 

This  picture  shows  vessels  on  the 
ocean.  You  can  look  over  the  sails  of 
one  and  see  the  water  beyond.  Another 
is  sailing  out  of  sight.  Only  the  sails 
can  be  seen.  The  body  or  hull  is  below 
the  horizon. 

If  the  earth  were  flat,  the  vessels 
could  not  go  out  of  sight  below  the 
horizon. 

If  we  were  far  off  in  the  sky,  the 
earth  would  look  like  a  great  moon.  The 
moon  is  a  large  ball,  but  the  earth  is  many  times  larger. 

We  see  so  small  a  part  of  the  earth  that  it  does  not 
look  round  like  a  balL 


A  line  round  the  thickest  part  of  the  earth 
is  about  twenty-five  thousand  miles  long.  A 
line  through  the  center  of  the  earth  is  nearly 
eight  thousand  miles  long. 

The  sun  is  a  ball  of  fire  far  away  in  the 
sky.  It  is  very  large  and  hot.  It  lights  and 
warms  the  earth.  The  sun  is  many  times 
larger  than  the  earth. 

The  moon  gets  light  from  the  sun.  The 
moon  sends  part  of  its  light  to  the  earth. 
The  moon  does  not  always  look  the  same. 
Only  the  side  towards  the  sun  is  light.  We 
often  see  only  part  of  its  light  side. 

Helps.  —  What  is  the  form  of  the  earth  ?  How  do  we 
know  this  ?    On  which  part  of  the  ball  do  we  live  ? 

On  the  globe  map  on  this  page  can  you  find  a  range  ?  — 
a  plain  ?  —  a  river  ?  —  a  lake  ?  —  a  shore  ?  —  an  island  ?  — 
a  peninsula  ?  —  a  bay  ?  —  a  cape  ?  —  an  isthmus  ? 

What  is  the  horizon?  What  do  the  vessels  in  the  pic- 
ture show  ? 

How  far  is  it  round  the  thickest  part  of  the  earth  ?  How 
far  is  it  through  the  center  ? 

Where  does  the  earth  get  light  and  heat  ?  Tell  all  you 
can  about  the  sun.    Where  does  it  rise  ? 

Where  does  the  moon  get  light?  What  is  the  form  of 
the  moon?  Of  what  use  is  the  moon?  Why  does  it  not 
always  look  the  same?    Draw  some  of  the  shapes  of  the 


Vessels  on  the  horizon 

moon  that  you  have  seen.    Watch  for  the  moon  and  see  if 
its  bright  side  is  always  towards  the  sun. 

Which  is  the  largest,  the  earth,  the  sun  or  the  moon? 


16 


WHAT  THE  EARTH  IS  MADE  OF 


15.   What  the  earth  is  made  of 

The  earth  is  a  great  ball  of  land  and  water. 
Its  surface  is  not  smooth.  It  has  high  moun- 
tains and  low  valleys. 

There  is  water  in  the  lower  parts  of  many 
valleys.  The  ocean  is  in  very  wide  valleys, 
but  there  is  land  under  all  water.  Lakes  also 
are  in  valleys. 

You  can  see  the  land  round  your  school. 
Only  one  fourth  of  the  surface  of  the  earth  is 
land.  The  rest  of  it  is  under  water.  Most  of 
it  is  under  the  salt  water  of  the  ocean. 

The  inside  of  the  earth  is  rock.  It  is  very 
hot.  In  some  deep  mines  the  air  is  so  hot  that 
men  can  work  only  a  few  minutes  at  a  time. 
In  places  we  see  the  rock  at  the  surface,  but 
this  part  is  cool. 

In  most  places  the  rock  is  under  soil.  There 
is  hard  rock  under  the  soil  where  you  now  are. 
The  soil  is  made  mostly  of  rotten  rock. 


The  land  we  live  on  and  the  ocean  around  it 

Helps.  —  What  is  the  earth  made  of  ?  What  makes  its 
surface  uneven? 

Why  does  water  collect  in  valleys  1  What  does  lesson  4  tell 
about  the  ocean  ?  What  does  this  lesson  tell  about  the  ocean  ? 

What  is  under  all  water  ?  Is  the  land  near  your  school 
smooth  or  rough?  How  much  of  the  earth's  surface  is 
above  water?  Of  what  is  the  inside  of  the  earth  made? 
How  do  we  know  that  it  is  hot?  Where  have  you  seen 
solid  rock  at  the  surface  ?    What  covers  most  rock  ? 


A  soap  bubble  is  a  little  ball  or  globe 
that  floats  in  the  air 


16.   The  air  we  breathe 

Can  you  feel  the  air  ?  Swing  jour  hand  in  it. 

We  live  and  move  in  air.  It  is  all  around 
us.  When  we  swing  the  hand  the  air  feels  soft. 
It  is  also  very 
light.  9 

Moving  air 
is  called  wind. 
Air  at  rest  is 
calm.  Often 
the  wind  blows 
very  strong  in 
storms.  Then 
it  blows  down 
large  trees  and 
houses. 

Have  you 
seen  clouds 
moving  in  the 
sky  ?  Do  they  all  move  the  same  way  ?  They 
show  how  the  wind  is  blowing  up  there.  Smoke 
and  dust  often  show  how  wind  is  blowing  near 
the  surface. 

We  do  not  know  how  high  the  air  is,  but  we 
know  that  it  is  many  miles  high.  It  is  much 
higher  than  the  tallest  mountains.  Clouds 
float  far  above  them. 

Most  of  the  air  is  near  the  surface  of  the 
earth.  There,  is  not  much  air  on  high  moun- 
tains, and  it  is  hard  to  breathe  up  there.  The 
high  air  is  thin  and  very  cold. 

We  could  not  live  without  air.  We  must  have 
it  to  breathe.  When  a  person  sinks  in  water 
he  chokes  and  drowns  if  he  cannot  rise  and  get 
air.  A  piece  of  food  in  the  windpipe  may  also 
shut  out  the  air  from  our  lungs  and  choke  us. 

All  bugs  need  air.  They  find  enough  even 
in  the  deep  soil. 

Fishes  breathe  air,  but  not  as  we  do.  They 
have  gills  to  take  air  from  the  water.  There 
is  air  in  all  parts  of  the  sea,  but  not  enough 
for  us  to  breathe. 

The  air  has  many  other  uses.  It  helps  birds 
to  fly.  It  moves  ships  and  turns  windmills. 
Plants  and  animals  breathe  it. 


I 


I P  The  wind  moves  clouds  and  they  give  rain 
to  many  parts  of  the  earth.  Hot  air  from 
warm  lands  often  blows  to  cold  lands  and 
warms  them. 


HOW  THE  AIE  IS  HEATED 


17 


tt 


Helps.  —  What  is  all  around  the  earth  ? 

What  is  wind  ?  AV hat  is  a  calm  ?  What  does  the  word 
storm  "  mean  ?  What  harm  have  you  seen  done  by  storms  ? 

What  shows  how  the  high  air  is  moving  ?  Wliat  shows 
how  the  air  near  the  surface  is  moving  ? 

What  does  the  lesson  say  about  the  height  of  the  air  ? 
What  shows  that  there  is  air  above  the  tallest  peaks  ? 

Where  is  most  of  the  air  ?  Why  is  it  hard  to  breathe 
on  high  mountains  ?  What  does  lesson  8  tell  about  the  air 
on  mountains  ? 

Why  does  a  person  drown  if  he  sinks  in  water?  IIow 
can  food  choke  us  ? 

AVhat  proves  that  there  is  air  deep  in  the  ground  ?  Of 
what  use  are  the  gills  of  fishes  ?  If  fishes  can  live  in  water, 
why  cannot  we  ? 

How  does  the  air  help  to  give  us  rain  ?  IIow  can  the 
air  help  to  cool  some  lands  and  warm  others  ? 

Try  to  think  of  as  many  uses  of  air  as  you  can.  Write 
them  down. 


\» 


17. 


How  the  air  is  heated^ 

Some  places  in  the  sunshine  are  warm,  while 
others  are  cool.    A   sandy  field  may  be  hot, 

while  green  grass  close 
by  it  feels  cool.  A  hot 
breeze  may  blow  from 
a  dry  field  and  then  a 
cool  breeze  from  the 
sea. 

On  hot  days  we  like 
to  lie  on  the  cool  ground 
in  shady  places.  We 
are  glad  if  acloudfloats 
over  and  keeps  oif  part 
of  the  heat. 

Figure  I 

1  Weather  Record.  —  In  a  notebook  keep  a  daily  record 
of  the  weather.     In  the  afternoon  write  the  word  that  best 
describes  the  weather.     Be  sure  to  write  the  date. 
This  record  will  show  you  how  to  keep  yours. 

Dec.  6 warm  rainy  wind 

7 hot  clear  calm 

8 cool  cloudy  breeze 

9 cold  rainy  wind 

Keep  the  record  every  school  day  for  a  year.  Perhaps  you 
can  also  take  notes  for  holidays.  At  the  end  of  the  year  you 
can  count  and  find  out  which  month  has  liad  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  warm  days,  rainy  days,  etc. 


Figure  II 


The  sun's  rays  shine  through  pure  air  with- 
out warming  it.  But  the  sun  warms  the  rocks, 
sand,  trees,  houses,  clouds  and  other  things. 
These  warm  the  air  just  as  a  stove  does.  Now 
we  see  why  air  close  to  the  earth  is  warmer 

than  air  far  up  in  the 

sky- 
Dust  and  clouds  in 
the  air  take  some  of  the 
sun's  heat  and  help  to 
warm  the  air  near  them. 
Hot  sand  gives  out 
heat  very  fast  to  the  air. 
The  sun  warms  water 
very  slowly,  and  the 
water  also  gives  off  heat 
slowly.  The  air  over  a 
flat  rock  in  the  sun  may 
be  hot,  while  the  air  over  a  pond  near  it  is  cool. 
The  twelve  lines  in  figure  I  we  will  call  rays 
from  the  sun.  They  are  shown  both  upright 
and  slanting.  The  upright  or  vertical  rays 
"may  be  noon  rays.  They  all  shine  on  a  small 
space  and  it  becomes  warm. 

Now  look  at  the  space  on  which  the  slanting 
rays  fall.  It  is  nearly  twice  as  large.  The 
slanting  rays  have  to  cover  so  much  land  or 
water  that  it  warms  slowly. 

In  the  morning  the  sun  is  low  in  the  sky. 
Then  the  rays  are  slanting  and  the  earth 
warms  slowly.  At  noon  the  sun  is  high  in  the 
sky  and  the  rays  fall  more  thickly  and  give 
more  heat. 

Helps.  —  Where  do  you  like  to  go  on  hot  days  ?  Why  ? 
Can  you  name  some  places  near  the  school  that  are  hot 
when  the  sun  is  shining  ? 

Explain  how  the  air  is  heated.  Why  is  the  air  high  in 
the  sky  so  cold?  What  does  the  lesson  tell  about  clouds 
and  dust  in  the  air  ? 

Try  to  find  some  sand  and  some  water  in  the  sunshine. 
Which  is  the  warmer  ? 

Draw  a  figure  to  show  why  upright  rays  give  more  heat 
to  a  space  than  slanting  rays. 

Why  is  the  midday  sun  hotter  than  the  morning  sun? 
Why  is  the  evening  cool  ? 

Can  you  think  why,  as  a  rule,  the  air  is  cooler  when  the 
sun  is  rising  than  when  it  is  setting  ? 


18 


POLES  AND  EQUATOE 


18.   Poles  and  equator 

See  the  dotted  line  in  the  top.  The  top 
spins  or  turns  round  this  line.  It  runs  from 
the  head  to  the  peg. 
We  will  call  this  line 
the  axis  of  the  top. 

We  may  also  think 
of  an  axis  in  the  earth. 
The  half  ball  shows 
the  axis. 

The  earth  spins  like 
a  huge  top,  but  it  turns 
round  its  axis  only 
once  in  a  day  and  night.        a  spinning  top 

A  cart  wheel  turns  on  an  axle.  It  may  be  made  of 
iron  or  -wood.  The  earth  does  not  rest  on  anything. 
It  has  no  strong  axle.    But  it  turns  as  if  on  an  axle. 


An  axis  is  only  an  imaginary  line,  and  is  not  made 
of  iron,  wood  or  anything. 

The  two  ends  of  the  axis  of  the  earth  are 
called  poles.  One  is  the  north  pole  and  the 
other  the  south  pele.    "  Pole  "  means  pivot. 

Can  you  find  the  north  star  ?  »oinM  po 

The  axis  of  the  earth  points 
almost  to  the  north  star.  The 
end  of  the  axis  under  this  star 
is  the  north  pole. 

If  you  were  at  the  north 
pole,  you  could  see  the  north 
star  over  your  head.  It  is  often 
called  the  pole  star.  Can  you 
tell  why? 

The  poles  are  in  very  cold 
parts  of  the  earth.  No 
man  has  yet  reached  them. 
Snow  and  ice  bury  the  land 
and  the  sea  aroimd  them. 


y 


Lines  are  drawn  on  maps  to  show  north 
and  south.  North  is  towards  the  north  pole. 
South  is  towards  the  south  pole. 

We  may  think  of  a  line  round  the  earth 
halfway  between  the  poles.  It  runs  east  and 
west.    It  divides  the  poie 

surface  of  the  earth       \^ 
into  two  equal  parts. 
This  line  is  the 
equator. 

Other  lines  are 
drawn  east  and  west  \ 

on  maps.     If  you 

turn  a  map  so  that  '^__. 

north  is  stt  the  top, 

east  will   be  to   the  /       / 

right  and  west  to  the  ^.it'^ 

left.  u.,"^""^     "'*' 

Near  the  equator 
the  sun  is  high  in  the  j^ 
sky  every  day.    The  To  find  the  north  star 

hot  or  warm  weather  lasts  all  the  year.  There 
is  no  winter,  but  there  may  be  many  rainy 
days. 

The  sun  lights  one  side  of  the  earth  at  a 
time.  As  the  earth  turns  on  its  axis  one  side 
is  light  and  the  other  side  is  dark.  One  side 
has  day  when  the  other  has  night. 

The  earth  turns  from  west  to  east  on  its 
axis.  All  the  forenoon  the  earth  turns  us 
towards  the  sun.    At  noon  we  pass  the  sun. 


East  and  west  lines 


North  and  south  lines 


19 


Map  A 

Have  you  seen  the  axle  of  a  wheel  ?    What  was  it  made 
of  ?    Of  what  use  was  it  to  the  wheel  ?    Has'  the  earth  an 
axle  ?    How  does  an  axle  differ 
from  an  axis  ? 

Can  you  make  a  ball  turn 
in  the  air  and  think  where 
the  axis  is  ? 

What  are  the  poles  of  the 
earth  ?  What  are  their  names  ? 

Can  you  point  to  the  place 
in  the  sky  where  the  north 
star  shines?  Which  pole  is 
under  this  star?  Why  can 
we  not  visit  the  poles? 

How  can  you  tell  north 
and  south  on  maps  ? 

Where  is  the  equator  ?  In 
what  direction  does  it  run? 
Can  you  think  why  it  is  called 
the  equator? 

How  can  you  tell  east  and 


POLES  AND  EQUATOR 

In  the  afternoon  the 
earth  moves  us  away 
from  it.  Thus  the  sun 
seems  to  rise  in  the  east 
and  set  in  the  west,  but 
it  is  the  earth  and  not 
the  sun  that  moves  to 
cause  day  and  night. 

Helps.  —  What  is  the  axis 
of  a  top?  Through  what  part 
of  the  top  does  it  run  ? 

Round  what  does  the  earth 
turn?  How  often  does  it  turn 
round  on  its  axis?  '^ 

Which  arrows  on  map  A  point  east  ?    Which  point  east 
on  map  B?  —  on  C  ?    Which  arrows  point  west  on  map  A? 

—  on  map  1?  ?    —  on  C  ? 


Note. — The  arrows  on 
these  little  maps  show  that 
north  may  be  on  either  side 
of  the  map  or  within  it.  But 
nearly  all  maps  are  made 
with  north  at  the  top,  south 
at  the  bottom,  east  at  the 
right  and  west  at  the  left. 
This  is  true  of  the  maps  on 
pages  40,  43,  45  and  46. 

But  some  maps  are  long 
from  east  to  west  and  short 
from  north  to  south.  Such 
maps  are  often  turned  on  the 
page.  You  can  tell  by  the 
printed  title  of  the  map 
whether  or  not  it  is  turned 
on   tjie   page.    If  it  is,   you 


Near  the  equator 

west  on  maps  ?    If  you  turn  a  map  so  that  north  is  at  the      should  turn  the  book  so  that  one  side  of  the  leaf  will 
top,  where  will  east  be  ?    Find  one  of  the  colored  maps      be  at  the  top  or  north.    See  the  maps  on  pages  50  and  53. 

and  tell  which  lines  run  north, 

and  which  run  east. 

What    is     said     about    the 

weather  near  the  equator  ?  Why 

is   this   part    of    the    earth    so 

warm? 

What    lights    the    earth? 

Which    side    of    the    earth    is 

light?    When  will  that  side  be 

dark? 

What  causes  day  and  night? 

Why  does   the   sun  rise  in  the 

east?    At  what  time  of  day  is 

our  part  of  the  earth  turning  us 

away  from  the  sun?    Where  is 

the  sun  at  night? 


Map  C 


Map  D 


20 


THE  CONTINENTS 


>^ 


19.   The  continents 

Here  are  maps  of  the  earth.  They  show 
many  islands  and  also  the  large  lands  called 
continents  or  grand  divisions. 

Wide  oceans  reach  from  shore  to  shore. 
Great  arms  of  the  ocean  reach  far  into  the 
land.  Each  continent  has  high  mountains  and 
wide  plains.  Long  rivers  flow  down  the  slopes 
to  the  sea. 

Find  on  the  map  the  name  Asia.  This  is 
the  largest  continent.    Africa  is  next  in  size. 


North  America  is  the  continent  on  which 
we  live.  It  is  north  of  the  equator  and  is 
third  in  size.  A  neck  of  land  joins  it  with 
South  America,  the  next  in  size. 

Europe  is  west  of  Asia.  Little  Australia  is 
southeast  of  Asia  and  is  south  of  the  equator. 

The  earth  is  a  glohe  or  sphere.  Half  a  sphere 
is  a  hemisphere.  Hemi  means  half.  America  is 
in  the  Western  Hemisphere.  The  Old  World 
is  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere.  America  is  also 
called  the  New  World.    Who  found  it  ? 


THE  OCEANS 


21 


II 


A  spiny  fish 


II 


We  shall  study  much  more  about  the  continents. 
In  Asia  we  shall  see  yellow  people  feeding  silkworms 
and  picking  leaves  from  tea  plants. 

Africa  is  the  home  of  the  black  people.  We  shall 
see  their  tall  straw  huts  in  forests  and  on  the  banks 

of  great  rivers. 

We  shall  learn 
much  about  the 
white  people  of 
Europe.  We 
shall  learn  what 
they  send  to  lis 
and  what  they 
buy  from  us. 

We  shall  read 
about  the  gold 
fields  of  far-off 
Australia,  about  the  many  queer  animals  and  plants, 
and  about  the  large  flocks  of  sheep  in  that  land. 

In  South  America  we  shall  visit  the  Indians  that 

live  near  the  great  river  Amazon.    We  shall  also  see 

low  trees  filled  with  berries  from  which  coffee  comes. 

In  our  own  country  we  shall  see  wide  fields  hidden 

with  white  cotton  or  waving  gi'ain.    We  shall  cross 

great  plains  where 
cattle  graze.  We 
shall  climb  high 
mountains  whose 
tops  are  buried  in 
iie  and  snow. 

Helps.— What 

name  is  given  to  the 

large    lands    of    the 
A  coral  island  , ,  „     ,,, ,     ,    , . 

earth:     VViiat   lies 

around  and  between  some  of  the  continents? 

AVhich  is  the  largest  continent  ?  Which  is  next  in  size  ? 
What  continent  is  north  of  Africa?  AVhere  is  Australia? 
Write  the  names  of  the  continents  in  the  order  of  size. 

In  which  continent  do  we  live?  On  which  side  of  the 
equator  is  it  ?    What  isthmus  joins  it  with  South  America  ? 

Which  continents  are  north  of  the  equator?  Which  are 
crossed  by  the  equator?  Which  is  wholly  south  of  the 
equator?  AVhich  three  continents  are  nearest  the  south  pole  ? 
Which  three  are  nearest  the  north  pole  ? 

Name  the  grand  divisions  of  the 
Western  Hemisphere  ;   of  the  Eastern. 

20.   The  oceans 

Salt  water  covers  three 
fourths  of  the  earth.  It  spreads 
around  all  the  lands.  This  salt 
"water  is  the  sea  or  ocean. 


Have  you  ever  looked  carefully  at  a  sponge  ? 
Can  you  find  a  piece  of  coral  ?  Sponges  and 
coral  grow  in  the  sea. 

Coral  grows  on  the  sea  bottom.  It  grows  best  in 
clear  water  in  the  warm  parts  of  the  sea.  The  coral 
you  have  seen  is 
hard.  But  when 
it  is  growing  it 
has  tiny  soft 
spots,  and  each 
spot  is  a  living 
body.  Each  spot  has  a  mouth  and  a  stomach,  and 
takes  its  food  from  the  water. 

The  soft  part  is  a  polyp.    The  hard  pai-t  is  coral. 

Some  coral  grows  like  trees.  The  polyps  send  out 
buds  that  form  branches.  The  polyps  on  the  branches 
bud  again,  and  thus  a  coral  forest  grows.  As  the  soft 
polyps  die  and  are  washed  away,  the  coral  or  hard  part 


A  deep-sea  fish 


of  the  tiny  bodies  is 
Many  polyps  work 
pieces  of  coral  you 
see.  Each  polyp 
looks  like  a  wee 
flower.  It  may  be 
white,  red,  pink,  yel- 
low or  brown. 

Polyps  lay  eggs 
in  the  water  and 
they  float  about.  If 
they  reach  a  rocky 
bank  or  a  hard  bot- 
tom in  clear  warm 
water,  they  start  a 
new  coral  forest. 


left  standing. 

to  make  the   little 


Branching  coral 


Waves  break  off  pieces  of  coral  and  wash  them  on 
top  of  the  rest.  Each  storm  sends  up  more,  till  the 
bank  is  above  water  and  forms  an  island. 

The  waves  soon  grind  some  of  the  coral  to  dust  and 
thus  make  soil.  Sea  plants  die  on  the  shore  and  mix 
with  the  coral  soil. 

Seeds  drift  to  the  new  land  or  are  carried  there. 
Trees  and  smaller  plants  soon  spring  up.    Now  the 
coral   island   is    ready   for   man   to 
come  and  make  it  his  home. 

Sponges  also  are  hard  parts  of 
little  creatures  that  grow  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  sea.  When  a  sponge  is 
wet  it  feels  soft. 

Near  the  equator  the  surface 

of  the  sea  is  warm.    Near  the 

A  sponge  poles   it   is  very    cold.     Some 


22 


THE  OCEANS 


of  the  warm  water  flows  towards  the  poles. 
The  air  over  it  is  warm  and  helps  to  warm 
the  lands.  Some  of  the  cold  water  also  flows 
to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  earth  and  helps  to 
cool  them. 

Some  parts  of  the  sea  are  five  miles  deep. 
The  light  of  the  sun  does  not  go  far  down  into 
water.  Below  a  fourth  of  a  mile  all  the  water 
is  dark.  All  the  deep  parts  of  the  sea  are  dark 
and  cold. 


PA       C      /      f      /      C 


We  have  read  that  the  oceans  are  in  wide 
valleys.  Fine  mud  covers  most  of  the  sea  botr 
torn.  Many  queer  fish  live  in  this  mud.  Some 
have  no  eyes.    Why  do  they  not  need  eyes  ? 

Near  some  shores  the  water  is  shallow. 
There  the  waves  grind  up  sea  plants  and  thus 
make  food  for  fishes.  Many  fish  are  found 
near  such  shores. 

The  sea  is  very  useful  to  man.  It  supplies 
water  for  the  rain  clouds.    Ships  sail  on  it 


Ships  on  the  ocean.    Waves  and  sea  birds 


THE  OCEANS 


23 


from  port  to  port.  Many  fish  for  food  are 
taken  from  the  sea.  In  summer  cool  winds 
often  blow  from  over  the  sea. 

Names  are  given  to  parts  of  the  ocean.  One 
part  is  the  Atlantic  ocean.  It  is  east  of  our 
country.  Another  part  is  the  Pacific  ocean. 
This  is  west  of  our 
country.  The  cold  sea 
round  the  north  pole  is 
the  Arctic  ocean.  The 
cold  sea  round  the  south 
pole  is  the  Antarctic 
ocean.  The  part  south 
of  Asia  is  the  Indian 
ocean. 

There  are  five  oceans. 
The  Pacific  is  the 
largest.  It  covers  over 
one  third  of  the  earth. 
The  Atlantic  ocean  is 
next  in  size.  It  is  about 
one  half  as  large  as 
the  Pacific. 

Helps.  —  How  much  of  the  earth's  surface  is  salt  water  ? 
What  names  are  given  to  this  great  body  of  salt  water  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  coral.  Where  do  sponges 
grow? 

Where  is  the  surface  of  the  sea  warm  ?  Where  is  it  cold  ? 
How  can  the  water  help  to  warm  or  to  cool  the  land? 


How  deep  are  some  parts  of  the  sea  ?  How  deep  can 
simlight  go  in  water?  What  is  said  about  the  deep  parts 
of  the  sea  ?    What  is  under  the  sea  ? 

What  kinds  of  fish  have  you  seen?  Do  they  live  in  fresh 
water  or  in  salt  water  ?  Why  are  many  fish  found  near  some 
shores  ? 

What  ocean  is  east  of  North  America?  What  other 
continents  border  on  the  At- 
lantic ocean? 

What  ocean  is  west  of 
North  America?  What  other 
continents  border  on  the 
Pacific  ocean? 

What  three  oceans  touch 
the  shores  of  Asia?  What 
three  oceans  bathe  the  shores 
of  North  America? 

What  ocean  surrounds  the 
north  pole?  What  ocean  ia 
aroimd  the  south  pole  ?  What 
three  continents  border  on  the 
Indian  ocean  ? 

What  ocean  is  north  of 
Europe?  —  west  of  Europe? 
What  ocean  is  east  of  America? 
—  west  of  it  ? 

Which  oceans  are  crossed 
by  the  equator  ?  Which  ocean 
is  wholly  south  of  the  equator?  Which  ocean  is  wholly 
north  of  the  equator  ?    Name  the  coldest  two  oceans. 

If  you  were  to  start  from  any  eastern  seaport  of  our 
country  and  sail  round  the  earth,  what  oceans  would  you 
cross?  What  continents  would  you  pass?  Why  would  you 
not  try  to  sail  through  the  Arctic  ocean  ? 


24 


THE  SEASONS 


21.   The  seasons 

Near  the  equator  the  sun  shines  high  in  the 
sky  every  day.  The  air  grows  hot  or  warm. 
There  is  never  any  winter. 

Far  from  the  equator  the  sun  is  not  so  high 


The  coldest  days  are  in  winter.    Tliis  is  the 
cold  season  of  the  year. 

When  it  is  winter  on  one  side  of  the  equa- 
tor it  is  summer  on  the  other.  One  side  may 
have  snow  while  the  other  has  fruits  and  flowers. 


'-ST" 

(A)  New  World  :  first  day  of  northern  summer. 
The  sun  is  far  north  of  the  equator 


in  the  sky 
even  at 
noon.  The 
rays  are 
slanting 
and  the  air 
is  cooler. 

Near  the 
poles  the 
rays  are  so 
slanting 
that  even 
in  summer 
they  can- 
not  melt 


(C)  New  World :  first  day  of  northern  winter. 
The  sun  is  far  south  of  the  equator 


all  the  snow  and  ice.  In  these  cold  parts  of 
the  earth  the  sun  is  never  high  in  the  sky. 

Once  a  year  the  earth  moves  round  the  sun. 
The  path  of  the  earth  is  almost  a  circle. 

Half  the  year  the  sun  rises  and  sets  north 
of  the  equator.    At  noon  it  shines  higher  in 

the 


Spring  is  the  cool  season  before  summer. 
Then  the  cold  winter  has  gone  and  the  sun 
begins  to  shine  high  in  the  sky  each  day. 

Autumn  is  the  cool  season  after  summer. 
The  sun  is  again  low  in  the  sky  and  the  cold 
days  and  long  nights  of  winter  are  coming, 
sky 


than  dur- 
ing   the 
^B  other    half 
i^  of  the  year. 
When    the 
days  are 
warmest 
we   have 
our  sum- 
mer in  the 
north.    We 
also  call  it 
the  hot  sea- 
son. 
During  the  other  six  months  the  sun  is 
south  of  the  equator.  At  noon  its  rays  are  more 
slanting  than  in  our  summer.    Then  the  lands 
far  north  of  the  equator  receive  but  little  heat. 


"S3" 

(B)  Old  World :  first  day  of  northern  summer. 
The  sun  is  far  north  of  the  equator 


(D)  Old  World :  first  day  of  northern  winter. 
The  sun  is  far  south  of  the  equator 

We  divide  the  year  into  these  four  seasons? 
Near  the  equator  there  is  no  winter,  and  the 


"  Spring  begins  March  20,  summer  June  21,  autumn  Septem- 
ber 22,  winter  December  20. 


THE  ZONES 


25 


people  divide  the  year  into  a  rainy  season  and 
a  dry  season. 

Helps. Why  is  the  air  near  the  equator  so  warm? 

Why  is  it  so    cold  far  from  the  equator?    What  is  said 
about  the  polar  regions  ? 

What  two  motions  of  the  earth  have  you  studied  ?  How 
long  does  it  take  for  the  earth  to  move  round  the  sun? 
What  is  the  shape  of  its  path  ? 

Where  does  the  sun  rise  during  our  summer  ?  Why  are 
the  days  so  warm? 

Why  does  winter  come?    Can  you  tell  why  it  is  winter 
on  one  side  of  the  equator  while  it  is  summer  on  the  other  ? 


NOflTM  POLE 


NORTH  TEfeRATE   ZONE 

4^     % 


SOUTH  TEMPERATE^  ZONE 


When  does  spring  come?  —  autumn?  Name  our  four 
seasons.  What  are  the  seasons  near  the  equator?  Name 
some  games  of  winter ;  summer ;  autumn ;  spring. 

22.   The  zones 

The  warm  belt  of  land  and  water  near  the 
equator  is  the  torrid  zone.  It  is  a  wide  belt 
having  hot  or  warna  days  all  the  year. 

The  word  "  zone "  means  helt.  The  word 
"torrid"  means  hot. 

The  torrid  zone  reaches  from'  the  equator 
about  one  fourth  of  the  way  to  each  pole. 

Nearly  all  parts  of  this  zone  have  plenty  of 
rain.  Most  of  the  winds  blow  from  east  to  west. 

On  both  sides  of  the  torrid  zone  are  the  tem- 
perate zones.  They  have  hot  summers  and  cold 
winters.  We  know  what  the  seasons  of  the  north 
temperate  zone  are,  for  we  live  in  this  zone. 


Most  of  the  winds  of  the  temperate  zones  blow 
from  west  to  east.  They  bring  rain  to  many 
highlands  and  plains.  The  north  temperate 
zone  has  the  best  grain  fields  in  the  world. 

Near  the  poles  the  sun  shines  low  in  the 
sky.  The  air  is  very  cold  most  of  the  year. 
The  winter  is  long.  The  summer  is  very 
short.    Part  of  the  sea  is  always  frozen. 

The  zones  round  the  poles  are  the  frigid 
zones.    The  word  "  frigid "  means  cold. 


The  tops  of  high  mountains  are  far  up  in 
the  cold  air,  and  snow  often  falls  on  them. 
Even  in  the  torrid  zone  there  are  peaks  on 
which  snow  lies  all  the  year  round. 

Helps Which  part  of  the  earth  is  hot  or  warm  all  the 

year?  What  name  is  given  to  the  hot  belt?  What  does 
"  torrid  "  mean?    What  does  "  zone  "  mean? 

What  is  said  about  the  width  of  the  torrid  zone  ?  What 
about  its  rain  and  winds  ? 

Where  are  the  temperate  zones?  What  is  said  of  their 
summer  and  winter?    In  which  zone  do  you  live  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  wind  and  rain  of  the  temperate 
zones?  In  what  product  does  the  north  temperate  zone 
lead  the  world  ? 

Where  are  the  frigid  zones?  Why  are  they  cold? 
What  is  said  of  their  seasons?  What  does  "frigid" 
mean? 

What  do  the  pictures  on  pages  35  and  44  show  about 
the  cold  and  the  hot  zones  ? 


26 


PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS 


23. 


the  summer  lasts  only 
few  weeks. 

Other  plants  need  a 

whole  year  of  warmth 

to  ripen  their 

seeds.     Of 

course    they 

grow  only  in 

or  near  the 

torrid    zone. 

Most    kinds    of 

oranges  need  a 

year  to  grow 

and  ripen. 

Plants  that  ripen 

their  seeds  in  a  few 

months  can  grow  in 

the  temperate  zones.   Many 

trees  blossom  in  the  spring  and 

ripen  their  fruit  in  the  early  autumn. 

Every  plant  has  some  enemy.    Caterpillars 

gnaw  the  leaves  of  trees.    Mice  and  birds  eat 


Where  plants  grow 

Some  plants  need  much  water.    Others  need  but 
little.     Many  lilies  grow  in  ponds,  but  many  pine  trees 
grow  in  the  dry  soil  of  hills. 

Some    plants    like    sunshine.      Others    like    shade.      i\P 
Daisies  often  cover  fields  under  the  bright  sun.     Many  ' 
pretty  ferns  grow  in  the  dark  damp  parts  of  the  woods. 

Each  plant  grows  best  where  it  has  the  soil  it  needs. 
The  pond  lily  likes  the  soft  mud  in  still  water.     Many  thistles 
grow  in  dry  sandy  soil. 

Some  plants  grow  and  ripen  their  seeds  in  a  short  time.    They 
can  grow  along  the  shores  of  the  Arctic 


^"^^ 


ocean,  where 


Spices 


PLANTS  OF  THE   ZONES 


27 


the  seeds  of  many  plants.  Bugs  eat  potato 
plants.  Early  frost  often  kills  corn.  Many  plants 
die  when  too  much  or  not  enough  rain  falls. 

Now  you  know  why  the  same  kinds  of  plants 
cannot  grow  in  all  the  zones.    You 
know  also  why  the  same  plants 
cannot  grow  in  all  parts  of 
a  zone.    The  plants  must 
find  the  soil,  water  and 
heat  they  need. 

Helps.  —  Name  a  plant  that 
grows  in  water.  Can  you  name 
one  that  grows  in  damp  lands? 

What  flowers  have  you 
picked  in  sunny  fields  ? 
What  plants  have  you 
seen  growing  in  shady 
places  ? 

Can  you  name  some 
plants  that  grow  in  fine 
soil?  Can  you  name 
some  that  grow  in  sandy 
places  ? 

What  plants  can  grow  along  the  shores  of  the  Arctic 
ocean  ?    Why  cannot  apple  trees  grow  there  ? 

Where  would  you  expect  to  see  plants  that  need  a  year 
of  warm  weather  to  ripen  their  seeds  ?  Why  will  plants  not 
grow  where  they  cannot  ripen  their  seeds  ? 

What  kind  of  plants  will  grow  in  the  temperate  zone  ? 

Name  some  of  the 
plants  of  the  zone 
in  which  you  live. 
In  which  zone 
would  you  look  for 
each  of  the  follow- 
ing plants  :  ba- 
nanas that  need  a 
year  of  hot  weather 
to  ripen?  —  pop- 
pies that  ripen 
their  seeds  in  a  few 
weeks?  —  apple 
trees  that  ripen 
their  fruit  in  about 
half  a  year  or  less  ? 
Name  some  of 
the  enemies  of 
plants. 

Why  cannot  the 
same  plants  grow 
in  all  zones  ?  Why 
cannot  the  same  plants  grow  in  all  parts  of  the  zone  we 
live  in?    What  do  all  plants  need? 


Banana  plant 


24.  Plants  of  the  zones 

Many  kinds  of  fruit  grow  in  the  torrid  zone. 
Among  these  are  the  orange  and  banana. 
There  are  also  many  kinds  that  we  never  see 
in  our  country. 

The  banana  plant 
often  grows  twenty  feet 
high.  The  picture  shows 
how  it  looks.    The  frait 
hangs  in  large  clusters. 
In  hot  lands  the  ba- 
nana is  widely  used 
as  food.    On  some  of 
the  islands  of  the 
Pacific  it  is  the  chief 
food  of  the  natives. 

Many  spices  grow  in  the 
torrid  zone.  Among  these 
are  pepper,  cloves,  nutmegs 

and  cinnamon.    The  islands  southeast  of  Asia 

are  rich  in  spices. 

Pepper  berries  grow  in  long  clusters  on  climbing 
plants  or  vines.  The  berries  are  dried  in  the  sun.  Before 
we  use  them  on  the  table  they  are  ground  to  powder. 

Cloves  are  dried  buds  that  grow  on  trees.  The  buds 
are  picked  when 
they  turn  red. 
They  are  then 
dried  and  sent  to 
market.  Cloves 
have  a  hot,  biting 
taste. 

Cinnamon  is  the 
dried  bark  of  a 
kind  of  small  tree. 
The  outer  bark  is 
taken  off  and  only 
the  inner  bark  is 
dried  for  market. 

Nutmegs  come 
from  a  little  fruit 
that  grows  on  a 
large  tree.  The 
seed  of  this  fruit 
is  taken  out  and  dried.  Then  it  is  cracked  open  and 
out  comes  a  hard  kernel,  which  is  the  nutmeg. 

Helps. — What  are  the  seasons  of  the  torrid  zone?  See 
lesson  22.  Name  two  fruits  of  the  torrid  zone.  Tell  what 
you  can  about  the  banana.  What  can  you  tell  about  pepper  ? 
—  cloves  ?  —  cinnamon  ?  —  nutmegs  ? 


Date  palm 


28 


PLANTS  OF  THE  ZONES 


Sugar  cane,  coffee  and  rice  grow  best  in 
this  hot  zone. 

Sugar  cane  looks  like  corn  stalks.  The  cane  is 
crushed  and  the  juice  is  boiled  till  brown  sugar  forms 
in  it.    The  liquid  in  which  the  sugar  forms  is  molasses. 


of  the  torrid  zone.  There  are  rice,  oranges, 
lemons,  figs  and  grapes.  There  is  also  the 
plant  on  which  cotton  grows. 

Cotton  is  a  fiber  that  grows  round  the  seeds  of  a 
plant.  This  fiber  is  pulled  from  the  seeds  by  a  machine. 
Then  it  is  twisted  into  thread  and  woven  into  cloth. 

Look  closely  at  a  piece  of  cotton  cloth.  Pull  the 
threads  apart.  Then  untwist  a  thread  and  see  the 
cotton  fiber.    What  else  is  thread  made  of  ? 


Setting  out  rice  plants  in  wet  land 

White  sugar  is  a  pure  kind  made  from  brown  sugar. 
Later  we  shall  learn  how  sugar  is  also  made  from  beets. 

Coffee  comes  from  little  berries  that  grow  on  bushes 
or  small  trees.    The  seeds  of  the  berries  are  the  coffee. 

Rice  is  like  a  grass.  Some  of  it  grows  in  fields 
under  water.  Millions  of  people  use  rice  for  food.  The 
white  rice  we  use  is  the  little  seed  of  the  plant. 


Home  of  brown  people  in  the  torrid  zone 

The  warm  parts  of  the  temperate  zones  also 
have  many  useful  plants.    Some  are  like  those 


A  water  bufialo  that  works  in  rice  fields 

About  one  half  of  the  people  of  the  earth  wear 
clothing  made  wholly  of  cotton.  Most  of  the  others 
use  some  cotton  clothing. 

Tea  grows  in  the  warm  parts 
of  the  temperate  zones.  Some  of 
it  also  grows  in  the  hot  zone. 

Tea  is  made  of  the  dried  leaves  of 
the  tea  plant.  Most  of  it  grows  in  south- 
east Asia.  After  the  leaves  are  dried 
they  are  packed  in  boxes  and  sent  to 
many  parts  of  the  earth. 

The  cool  parts  of  the  temperate 
zones  have  hot  days  about  half 
the  year.  The  hot  season  is  long 
enough  for  grains  to  ripen.  Here 
are  found  wheat,  corn,  rye,  oats 
and  barley.  Wheat  and  corn  are 
the  most  useful. 

The  best  grazing  lands  are  in 

the  cool  belts.    Most  of  the  cattle, 

horses  and  sheep  feed  on  the  grass 

in  the  temperate  zones.    This  is  the  farming 

zone,  where  horses  are  most  useful. 


WHEEE  ANIMALS  LIVE 


29 


MUUUINa  BIRO 


These  zones  have  great  forests  of  soft  woods, 
such  as  pine,  fir  and  spruce.  There  are  also 
hard  woods,  such  as  oak  and  maple 

Only  a  few  useful  plants  grow 
in  the  north  frigid  zone 
They  are  food  for  deer  and 
other  animals.     A  few 
stunted  trees  and  bushes 
grow  in  the  warmer 
parts  of  this  zone. 

In  the  short  summer 
the  snow  melts  in  some 
parts  of  the  north  frigid 
zone.  Then  poppies  and 
other  bright  flowers 
spring  up.    In  a  few 
weeks  they  drop  their 
seeds  and  soon  the  snow 
covers  them  once  more. 


Helps. — What  does 
the  lesson  tell  about  sugar 
and  molasses  ?   In  which  zone  - 

does  most  of  the  sugar  cane 
grow  ? 

What  is  said  about  coffee?  — 
rice?    Name  some  fruits  that  grow 
in  the  warm  parts  of  the  temperate 
zones.    Name  a  useful  fiber  plant. 
TeU  what  you  can  about  cotton. 

Where  does  tea  grow ?    What  is  tea?    What  seasons  do 
the  temperate  zones  have?    Name  some  of  the  most 
useful  grains  of  the  temperate  zones.    What  is  said 
about  the  grass  lands  of  these  zones  ? 

h 
If 


Name  some  soft  woods  of  the  zone  in  which  you  live. 
Name  some  hard  woods  that  grow  near  your  home. 

What  is  said  about  plant  life  in  the  north  frigid 
zone? 

Where  animals  live 

Animals  have  many  kinds 

of  feet,  legs,  bills  and 

teeth.     Each    has    its 

own  uses.  It  helps  the 

animal   to  get  food 

and  to  protect  itself. 

The  eagle  has  sharp 
claws  and  a  beak  to  hold 
and  tear  the  flesh  it 
feeds  on.  The  heavy 
horse  with  wide  hoofs 
can  graze  on  soft  land, 
and  its  feet  do  not  cling 
to  the  grass  roots. 

The  hog  has  a 

strong  nose  and  can 

dig  roots.    The 

duck  has  webs 

between  its  toes 

and   can  swim 

fast.  Many  birds 

that  feed  in  the  water 

near   the   shores   have 

long  legs  for  wading. 

Animals  have  many  kinds  of  covering. 
Some  are  suited  to  hfe  in  the  water,  others 
on  the  land  or  in  the  air. 


Trained  elephants  piling  lumber 


Ck^' 


so 


LARGE  WILD  ANIMALS 


a 


There  are  turtles  with  hard  shells, 
A  fish  with  smooth  scales,  birds  with  light 
'I    feathers,  frogs  with  smooth  skin,  sheep 

with   curly   wool   and   squirrels 

with  soft  fur. 


Every  animal   has    some 
way  to  defend  itself. 

The  bee  stings.    The  horse  kicks.    The  cow  hooks  with  her  horns. 
The  dog  bites.    The  squirrel  leaps  from  tree  to  tree  or  darts  into  a  hole. 

Animals  cannot  go  all  over  the  earth.    They  must 
live  near  their  food. 

Cattle  can  roam  over  wide  grassy  plains,  but  they  can- 
not cross  great  deserts.    Birds  that  feed  on  fish  must  live 
near  water.    Animals  that  live  on  fruits  make  their  homes 
near  fruit  trees. 
The  camel  shows  clearly  how  animals  grow  to  fit  their 
homes.    The  home  of  the  camel  is  in  the  hot  desert.    It  must 
often  travel  three  or  four  days  without  drinking,  but  it  carries  water 
in  little  cells  in  the  walls  of  its  stomach. 
Some  camels  have  single  humps  on  their  backs.    Others  have  double  humps. 
When  the  camels  are  well  fed  the  humps  grow  very  large.    They  are  masses  of 
fat.    The  camel  can  go  for  a  long  time  without  food.    The  body  then  uses 
the  fat  in  the  humps. 

Long  hairs  hang  over  the  eyes  and  keep  out  the  hot  sand.    The  camel 
can  also  close  its  nostrils  when  the  dust  is  whirling  around. 

If  you  will  study  any  animal,  you  will  find  that  it  is  fitted  to  its  home 
just  as  well  as  the  camel. 

Helps.  —  Name  two  animals  that  feed  on  grass.    What  kind  of  feet  or  toes 
have  they? 

Look  at  the  pictures  of  the  feet  of  the  duck  and  the  eagle.     Can  you 
tell  the  use  of  each  kind?    Why  does  the  eagle  need  a  sharp  beak? 
The  heron  has  long  legs.    Can  you  tell  why  it  needs  a  long  neck  ? 
Name  some  of  the  kinds  of  covering  of  animals  and  tell  the  use  of 
each.    Try  to  name  some  not  given  in  the  lesson. 

Tell  some  ways  that  animals  defend  themselves,  —  ways  not 
told  in  tlie  lesson. 

Why  are  not  the  same  kinds  of  animals  found  on  all 
parts  of  the  earth  ?    Where  must  each  make  his  home  ? 
Tell  how  the  camel  is  fitted  to  its  home. 
Look  closely  at  the  padded  toes  and  the  teeth  of  a  cat  and 
tell  what  use  is  made  of  them.    What  does  the  cat  catch?    Why 
must  a  cat  be  quick  and  strong  ? 
Name  some  of  the  common  animals  and  tell  their  uses. 

26.   Large  wild  animals 

The  torrid  zone  of  the  Old  World  is  the  home  of  many  large  and  fierce 
animals.  The  elephant,  lion  and  tiger  are  found  in  the  hot  parts  of  Africa 
and  Asia.    Great  manlike  apes  also  live  there. 

In  the  hot  parts  of  South  America  there  are  ant-eaters,  great  snakes, 
monkeys  and  parrots. 


LAEGE  WILD  ANIMALS 


Bears  and 
deer  are  com-    '^ 
mon  in  the 
north  tern-   M^ 
perate  zone. 
There  are  also  wolves  and  foxes. 

Many  whales  and  seals  live  in  the 
cold  seas  of  the  far  north.    The 
white  bear  is  often  seen  on     js^ 
the  ice  in  that  region.  C-^i 

There  are  birds  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  world.    The  con- 
dor is  the  largest  bird 
that  flies.    It  lives 
among  the  mountains 
of  South  America.   The 
ostrich  is  a  very  large 
bird   whose   feathers 
make  pretty  plumes. 
It    is    common 
in   some    parts 
of  Africa. 

Many  fish 
are  taken  from 
the  sea  near 
the  shores  of 
aU  the  continents 
Others  are  caught 
in  lakes  and  rivers. 

As  we  study  each  continent  we 
shall  learn  much  more  about  the 
animals. 

Helps.  —  Name  three  animals  of  the  torrid  zone 
in  Asia  and  Africa.  Name  some  that  are  found  in 
the  hot  part  of  South  America. 

What  wild  animals  have  you  seen  ?  Which  of  them 
can.  you  find  in  the  pictures  ?  Name  some  of  the  wild 
animals  that  live  in  the  state  where  your  home  is. 
Which  of  the  birds  do  you  know  by  sight? 

Do  you  know  any  birds  that  live  near  your  home  in 
■winter  ?    Do  you  know  any  that  come  in  the  spring  ? 

How  many  animals  in  the  pictvu-es  can  you  name  with- 
out looking  at  the  printed  names?    Can  you  draw  some  of  these  animals? 

Name  some  of  the  animals  of  the  zone  in  which  you  live.    Name  some  that  live 
in  the  cold  zone  north  of  you. 

Where  is  the  condor  foimd?    What  is  said  about  this  great  bird?    Where  is  the 
ostrich  found?    What  pretty  objects  do  we  take  from  the  ostrich  to  wear?    Where  are  food  fish  caught? 


31 


32 


There  are 

Black  woman  and  baby  ^^^    great 

groups  of 
people  or  races  of  men.  They  differ  in  color 
and  in  other  ways. 

We  may  name  the  races  by  their  color. 

They  are  black,  red,  yellow,  brown,  white. 

Most  of  the  black  people  live  in  the  torrid 
zone.  They  are  Negroes.  Many  of  them  have 
broad  flat  noses  and  thick  lips.  Their  hair  is 
black  and  frizzly. 

Many  black 
people  live  in 
groups  or  tribes 
in  middle  Africa. 
The  air  there  is 
hot  and  moist. 
Fruits  grow  wild 
all  the  year,  and 
the  people  need 
to  do   very   little 

work.  An  African  boy 


These  people  wear  but  little  clothing.  They 
make  huts  of  grass  or  branches  of  trees. 
They  use  bows  and  arrows,  clubs  and  darts. 
They  make  blow- 
guns  out  of  hollow 
stems.  They  catch 
fish  on  hooks  made 
of  bone. 

The  black  people 
of  middle  Africa 
know  but  little  of 
what  white  people 
do.  But  the  black 
people  fish  and 
hunt,  cook  their 
food  and  make 
simple  clothing. 
Some    know    how 

to  raise  grain.    They  have  no  books, 
living  in  this  way  are  savages. 

Many  Negroes  have  been  carried  to  lands 
where  white  people  live.  These  black  people 
have  learned  to  live  as  the  white  people  do. 
There  are  many  in  our  country. 


Black  woman  at  work 


People 


THE  EED   RACE 


33 


Jk  ^       j-,^jij.»  »  ^'  Helps. — How  many  races  of 

^pP^^^-^y'^lfeJi     men  are  there  ?   Name  them  by 
color. 

Where  do  most  of  the  black 
people  live  ?   What  other  name 
have  they  ?  What  is  said  of  their  faces 
and  hair? 

In  what  zone  is  the  middle  part  of 
Africa?  What  are  the  seasons  of  this 
zone  ?  Why  do  the  black  people  there 
use  but  little  clothing  ? 

Name  some  of  the  weapons  of  the 
black  people.  What  work  do  they  do  ? 
What  name  do  we  give  to  people  living 
in  this  simple  way  ? 
Do  you  know  why  many  Negroes  were  carried  to  the 
lands  where  white  people  live  ?  Name  some  of  the  things 
we  see  that  would  surprise  a  savage  boy  from  Africa. 

Name  some  of  the  animals  the  black  people  of  Africa  see. 

28.   The  red  race 

The  home  of  the  red  race  is 
America.  The  red  men  were  here 
long  .before  the  white  men  came 
to  settle.  We  call  the  red  people 
Indians. 

Most  of  the  people  of  the  red 
raceliveinthe  torrid  zone.  Some 
are  found  in  the  temperate  zones. 

The  pictures  show  how  Indians 
look.    Their  hair  is 


In  South  America  many  of  the  red  men  are 
savages.  They  live  like  the  black  people  of 
middle  Africa.  They  fish  in  the  rivers  and 
hunt  in  the  forests.  They  use  bows  and 
arrows,  clubs  and  darts. 

Some  of  the  Indians  of  South  America  live 
as  the  white  men  do. 

Many  of  the  Indians  in  our  country  raise 
cattle,  grain  and  cotton.  They  live  in  houses 
and  have  good  schools.  We  shall  learn  more 
about  them 
later. 

The  red  men 
were  the  first 
to  give  corn 
and  tobacco  to 


black  and  straight. 
They  have  large 
cheek  bones. 


An  Indian  family 


Indians  and  their  camps 

the  people  of  Europe.    They  also  showed  the 

white  man  how  to  make  canoes  of  birch  bark. 

The  pictures  show  how  some  Indians  live. 

Helps.  —  In  what  zone  do  most  of  the  people  of  the  red 
race  live?  In  what  part  of  the  world  do  they  live?  What 
are  they  called  ?    In  what  other  zones  are  some  found  ? 

How  do  the  Indians  differ  in  looks  from  the  Negroes? 

What  is  said  about  the  savage  Indians  of  South  America  ? 
What  is  said  about  other  Indians  of  South  America  ? 

How  do  many  of  the  Indians  of  our  country  differ  from 
savages?  What  did  the  white  men  from  Europe  get  first 
from  the  Indians  ?    Who  first  made  canoes  of  birch  bark  ? 

Name  some  of  the  animals  the  Indians  may  see  in  South 
America ;  in  North  America. 


34 


THE  YELLOW  RACE 


29,   The  yellow  race 

The  people  of  eastern  Asia  belong  mostly 
to  the  yellow  race.  Their  hair  is  black  and 
straight.  Their  cheek  bones  are  large  and 
their  eyes  are  set  aslant. 

Perhaps  you  have  seen  people  from  China 
and  Japan.     Their  home  is  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Asia.    They  belong 
to  the  yellow  race. 

The  yellow  people  have  many 
large  cities.  They  make  silk  cloth 
and  fine  dishes.  They  raise  tea,  rice 
and  many  other  useful  plants. 

The  people  of  Japan  have  good 
schools.  They  also  send 
young  men  to  other  lands 
to  study.  In  this  way  they 
learn  how  to  make  many 
things.  They  build  large 
ships.  They 'make  guns  and 
many  kinds  of  iron  tools. 
They  weave  cotton  and  silk 
into  cloth. 

The  boys  and  girls  of  the 
yellow  race  play  many  games.  They 
spin  tops,  fly  kites  and  walk  on 
stilts. 

Most  of  the  people  of  China 
live  on  low  land  near  the 
sea  and  near  great  rivers. 
They  have  long  canals  to 
carry  water  to  their  gar- 
dens. Tea  plants  grow  in 
the  hilly  parts  of  China. 

Some  of  the  people  of  China 
live  on  boats  in  the  rivers.  There 
are  houses  and  gardens  on  the  boats. 


Helps.  —  Vk'here  is  the  home  of  the  yel- 
low race  ?  How  do  the  yellow  people  differ 
in  looks  from  the  black  people  ? 

Name  two  countries  where   yellow   people   live 
teacher  will  tell  you  where  China  and  Japan  are. 

Name  some  kinds  of  work  that  the  yellow  people  do. 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  people  of  Japan.  Name  some 
things  they  make.  Name  some  games  of  the  boys  and  girls 
of  the  yellow  race. 


Yellow  people  of  Japan 


The 


Where  do  most  of  the  people  of  China  live  ?  The  upper 
picture  on  the  next  page  shows  a  group  of  yellow  people 
who  live  in  the  cold  northern  part  of  Europe. 

30.   The  brown  race 

The  islands  southeast  of  Asia  are  the  home 
of   the   brown    race.    Among   these    are   the 

Philippine 
islands.  They 
are  now  under 
the  care  of  our 
country. 

Some  of  the 
brown  people 
have  cities 
and  towns. 
The  cities  are 
ports  for  trad- 


ing.    Some  of  the  people 
have  good  schools. 

On  some  of  the  islands  the 
people  are  savages. 

The  soil  of  most  of  the 

islands  is  very  rich.    The 

brown  people  raise   rice, 

sugar  cane,  coffee  and  many  spices. 

Fruits  grow  on  all  these  islands. 

Helps. — Where  is  the  home  of  the 
brown  race  ?  Name  one  of  the  groups 
of  islands  where  brown  people  live. 
■See  picture  on  next  page. 

What  proves  that  some  of  these 
peojjle    are    not    savages?     Name 
some  products  raised  by  the  brown 
people. 

Why  do  white  people  send  ships 
to  trade  with  the  brown  people  ? 

31.   The  white  race 

The  white  race  is  found  in  many 
lands.  "We  shall  study  these  lands 
in  other  lessons. 
You  already  know  how  some  of  the  white 
people  look  and  dress.  The  eyes  are  set 
straight.  The  hair  is  straight  or  wavy,  and 
may  be  light  or  dark.  As  a  rule  the  lips  are 
thin  and  the  cheek  bones  are  not  very  large. 


HOIVIES  IN  COLD  AND  HOT  LANDS 


35 


II 


A  home  of  yellow  people  that  live  in  the  cold  northern  part  of  Europe 


A  Filipino  home.    These  brown  people  live  near  the  equator.    What  do  the  two  pictures  show  ? 


36 


THE  WHITE  EACE 


But  the  skin  may  vary  from  white  to  dark 
tan  or  almost  black. 

Most  of  the  white  people  live  in  the  tem- 
perate zones.  They  have  large  fields  of 
wheat,  corn  and  cotton.  They 
raise  millions  of  sheep  and  cattle. 
They  build  great  cities  and  have 
workshops  of  all  kinds.  They  send 
ships  to  all  the  large  seaports. 

The  white  people  have  the  best 
schools  in  the  world. 

Helps.  —  To  what  race  do  most  of  the 
people  in  your  town  or  city  belong  ?  Have 
you  seen  people  that  belong  to  any  other 
race? 

How  do  most  white  people  differ  in 
looks  from   the  other  races?  The  white  race 

In   what  zones   do  most  of   the   white 
people  live  ?    Name  some  of  the  kinds  of  work  that  white 
people  do  in  your  town  or  city. 

Write  ten  questions  to  whi'ih  answers  can  be  found  on 
the  map  on  the  next  page. 

32.   Why  laws  are  made 

All  games  must  have  rules.  In  the  game  of 
ball  the  rules  tell  how  many  may  play  on  a 
side,  where  each  player  must  stand, 
which  side  may  bat  the  ball,  ^ 
when  a  player  may  run  and  Xh 
when  he  is  put  out.  If  there 
were  no  rules,  we  could 
not  play  ball. 

Every  family  has  rules. 
You  know  at  what  hour 
your  dinner  will  be  ready. 
when  you  must  go  to  bed 
and  when  you  ought  to 
get  up.  You  know  also 
what  games  you  may 
play  in  the  house. 

Every  school  has  rules. 
A  rule  tells  when  school 
shall  begin  and  when  it 
shall  end.  A  rule  tells  what  you  shall  study 
each  year.  Perhaps  a  rule  tells  to  which  school 
in  the  town  you  shall  go. 


Dark  branch  of  the  white  race.    An  Arab  school 


Good  rules  help  us  to  live,  work  and  play  in 
the  best  way.  They  tell  us  what  our  rights 
are,  and  also  what  rights  others  have. 

People  vote  to  make  rules  or  laws  that  all 
must  obey.  They  make  laws  tell- 
ing how  much  money  each  must 
pay  for  building  roads,  bridges  and 
schools.  They  make  laws  to  pun- 
ish any  person  who  steals  or  sets 
fire  to  a  house. 

We  obey  a  law  when  we  put  a 
stamp  on  a  letter.  We  obey  a  law 
when  we  pay  taxes. 

People  who  have  their  homes 
near  one  place  may  wish  to  unite 
An  ideal  head  J"  some  work.  They  may  wish  to 
make  a  road  that  all  may  use,  or 
they  may  wish  to  build  a  school  where  all  the 
boys  and  girls  may  study.  We  call  such  a 
group  of  homes  a  village.  If  it  is  a  large 
group,  we  may  call  it  a  town. 

Some  large  towns  are  called  cities.  In  most 
cities  the  people  choose  or  elect  officers  who 
make  laws  and  also  see  that  the  people  obey 
them.    Do  you  live  in  a  town  or  a  city? 

When  white  people  first  came   to 
the   land  where   we   now  live 
they    settled    in    groups    or 
colonies.    Many  towns  soon 
grew   up.     The    people 
found   that   they   could 
do  some  kinds  of  work 
better  when  the  colonies 
banded  together.    They 
could  then  protect  them- 
selves  better   from   the 
Indians.    They  could 
build  better  roads  from 
town    to    town.      They 
could  make    good    laws 
for  trading.    Thus  many 
small  colonies  joined  to 
make  a  few  large  ones. 

The  colonies  chose  men  to  make  laws. 
They  also  chose  officers  to  carry  out  the  laws. 


WHY  LAWS  AEE  MADE 


37 


The  large  colonies  were  later  called  states. 
At  first  there  were  thirteen  of  these  states. 
Now  there  are  many  more. 

Long  ago  the  thirteen  states  helped  one 
another  in  a  great  war.  They  called  them- 
selves the  United  States.  They  chose  men  to 
make  some  of  the  laws  for  all  the  states. 

Since  then  other  men  have  been  chosen  and 
many  laws  have  been  made.    Some 
tell  what  stamps  to  put  on 
letters.   Others  tell  how 
much  money  may  be 
spent  to  deepen 
harbors    and 
rivers. 

Some  of 
the  laws  tell 
how  money 
shall  be 
printed  or 
stamped. 
Others 
tell  where 
light- 
houses 
shall  be 
built  and 
where  men 
with  boats 
shall  be 
ready  to 
save  peo- 
ple wrecked 
in  ships.  Still  other  laws  explain  who  may 
come  from  other  lands  to  live  in  the  states. 
There  are  also  many  other  laws. 

Helps.  — What  game  do  you  like  best?  What  are  some 
of  its  rules  ?  Can  you  think  of  any  game  that  can  be  played 
without  rules  ? 

What  are  some  of  the  rules  in  your  school?  Of  what 
use  are  rules  in  games  ?  If  there  were  no  rules,  when  would 
school  begin?  Without  a  rule  when  would  you  have  a 
vacation  ?    Of  what  use  are  good  rules  ? 

Give  another  name  for  a  rule.  If  there  were  no  laws, 
who  would  build  roads  ?  Who  would  then  keep  bad  men 
from  robbing  your  home  and  burning  it? 


How  much  does  the  law  tell  us  to  put  on  a  letter  ?  If 
you  mail  a  letter  without  putting  a  stamp  on  it,  what 
happens  ? 

Why  do  laws  make  people  pay  taxes  ?  If  there  were  no 
taxes,  what  would  happen  in  the  town  or  city  where  you 
live? 

Who  make  the  laws?  Who  then  really  make  the  i»ople 
pay  taxes  for  roads  and  schools? 

What  is  a  village  ?  How  does  a  town  differ  from  a 
village?    What  are  some  large  towns  called? 

What  name  was  given  to  groups  of  people  that 
settled  in  America?     Why  did  some  col- 
onies unite? 

Can  you  tell  why  groups  of  towns 
like  to  have  the 

same  laws?      /  : 


*    What    name 
.••      was  later  given 
to  the   large  col- 
onies   that   chose 
officers    to    make 
laws  for  all? 
Can  you  tell  why 
we  call  our  land  the 
United     States? 
Would    it    be   just    as 
well    if   each   town    had 
a  post  office  that  did  not 
have    the    same    stamps    or 
the   same    rules   as    in    other 
towns  ? 
Some  long  rivers  flow  across  several 
states.    If  one  part  of  the  river  needs   to 
be  made  deeper,  who  should  pay  for  the  work  ? 
Who  are  heljjed  by  the  work? 

Ships  from  all  parts  of  the  world  bring  goods  for  all 
the  people  of  our  land.  Who  should  pay  for  making  the 
harbors  deeper?  Who  should  build  lighthouses  so  that 
the  ships  may  not  be  wrecked?  Who  are  helped  by 
such  work? 

There  are  many  laws  not  made  by  man.  We  call  them 
laws  of  nature.    We  have  studied  a  few  of  them. 

Thus  it  is  a  law  of  nature  that  rain  shall  fall,  that  a 
brook  shall  flow  downhill,  that  rocks  in  the  open  air  shall 
crumble  away,  that  plants  shall  die  if  they  do  not  have 
water,  that  the  earth  shall  turn  on  its  axis  every  day,  that 
the  earth  shall  go  round  the  sun  once  a  year.  Can  you 
name  any  others? 


38 


GOVERNMENT 


33.  Government 

Savage  people  live  in  groups  called  tribes. 
A  chief  rules  each  tx'ibe.  He  is  often  the  best 
fighter  in  war.  The  people  obey  him  or  he 
may  kill  them. 

A  chief  is  the  ruler  of  his  tribe.  We  may 
say  that  he  governs  the  tribe.  He  makes  rules 
or  laws,  and  he  forces  the  people  to  obey  him. 

Most  of  the  red  people  and  the  black  people 
live  in  tribes  and  have  chiefs. 

There  are  many  groups  of  people  that  do 
not  have  chiefs  for  rulers.  Some  of  the  groups 
are  very  large.  Others  are  small.  They  are 
people  who  know  more  than  savages  and  live 
better.  We  call  such  groups  of  people 
nations.    Nearly  all  the  white  people 


the  laws.   The  President  is  the  chief  executive 
officer  of  our  nation. 

The  land  in  which  a  nation  lives  is  a  country. 
The  city  in  which  the  laws  are  made  is  the 
capital.    This  word  means  the  head  city. 

The  people  of  our  nation   are  Americans 
Most  of  them  belong  to  the  white  race.    Our 
country  is  the  United  States.    Its  capital  is  the 
city  of  Washington.    The  nation  is  a  republic. 

When  we  wish  to  know  how  the  laws  of  a 
nation  are  made  and  what  power  the  ruler  has, 
we  ask  what  the  kind  of  government  is.  By 
government  we  mean  the  way  a  nation  is  ruled. 

Helps.  —  Who  rules  over  a  tribe  ?  What  kind  of  people 
live  in  tribes?  What  power  has  a  chief? 
What  races  live  mostly  in  tribes? 


and  the  yellow   people  live  in  na- 
tions.   We  belong  to  a  nation. 

A   nation   is   a  group   of   people     washmgton 
higher  than  savages,  but  under  one 
ruler.    He  may  claim  the  right  to  rule  because 
his  father  or  mother  was  the  ruler  before  him. 
Or  the  people  may  choose  or  elect  him.  • 

One  who  rules  by  right  of  birth  is  a  king 
or  a  queen.  We  call  the  nation  a  kingdom. 
Several  kingdoms  may  unite  to  form  a  great 
empire.    The  ruler  is  then  called  an  ernperor. 

A  nation  that  elects  its  own  ruler  is  a 
republic.    The  ruler  is  a  president. 

In  a  republic  the  people  choose  three  kinds 
of  officers.  Some  make  laws.  Others  decide 
how  the  laws  apply  to  disputes  that  arise. 
Still  others  are  chosen  to  make  all  the  people 
obey  the  laws.  Thus  we  have  lawmakers, 
judges  and  officers  who  execute  or  carry  out 


Monument 


How  does  a  nation  differ  from  a  tribe? 
What  races  live  mostly  in  nations  ?  What  is 
a  nation? 

How   do    men  become  rulers  of   nations  ? 
What  is  a  king?    What  is  a  queen ?    What  do 
we  call  a  nation  having  a  king  or  queen  ? 

What  is  an  empire  ?    Who  rules  over  an  empire  ? 
What  is  a  republic  ?    What  three  kinds  of  officers  are 
chosen  in  a  republic  ? 

In  your  town  who  decides  when  a  law  is  broken  and  tells 
how  to  punish  a  person  for  the  act?  Who  see  that  the  peo- 
ple obey  the  laws?  Can  you  name  one  of  the  laws  of  your 
town  ?   Who  made  the  law  ? 

What  is  the  work  of  lawmakers?  What  is  the  work  of 
judges?  What  do  we  call  the  officer  at  the  head  of  a 
republic  ? 

What  is  a  country?  Where  are  its  laws  made?  What 
does  "capital"  mean? 

What  do  we  call  the  jieople  of  our  nation?  To  what 
race  do  most  of  them  belong  ?  In  what  country  do  we  live  ? 
Name  the  capital  of  the  United  States. 

What  do  we  wish  to  know  when  we  ask  what  kind  of 
government  a  nation  has?    Name  a  republic. 


39 


NORTH  AMERICA 


II 
11 


34.   Surface  of  North  America 

We  live  in  North  America.  This  continent 
has  the  form  of  the  letter  V,  with  oceans  on 
three  sides.  Hudson  bay  is  on  the  north  coast. 
The  gulf  of  Mexico  is  on  the  southeast. 

The  coast  is  broken  by  many  other  bays 
and  peninsulas.  Some  bays  form  good  harbors 
for  ships.  The  bays  on  the  north 
coast  are  of  little  use,  as  they 
are  frozen  most  of  the  year. 

Look   at  the   relief 
map  on  the  next 
page.    Most  of  the 
western  part  is 
high  land.    This 
is  the  Western 
highland.    It  has 
many  mountains. 

There  are 
many  low  ranges 
not  far  from  the 
east  coast.  These 
are  in  the  Eastern 
highland. 

A  broad  plain 
lies  between  the 
highlands  in  the 
west  and  the  east. 
This  is  the  Cen- 
tral plain. 

There  are 
many  large  lakes 
in  this  plain. 
They  hold  over 
half  of  the  fresh 
water  upon  the 
earth.  Five  of 
them  are  called  the  Great  Lakes.  See  map 
on  page  41. 

Find  the  Mississippi  river  on  the  map.  It 
flows  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  This  great  river 
has  many  branches.  They  are  in  the  warm 
half  of  the  Central  plain. 


Niagara  falls.  The  water  flows  from  lake  Erie  to  lake  Ontario.  On  the 
way  it  falls  over  high  cliffs  in  the  river  bed,  making  one  of  the  grand- 
est sights  in  the  world 


This  continent  is  north  of  the  equator.  Part 
of  it  forms  the  shore  of  the  cold  Arctic  ocean. 
This  part  is  in  the  north  frigid  zone. 

The  southern  part  of  the  continent  is  in  the 

torrid  zone.  There  all  the  days  are  hot  or  warm. 

The  largest  and  best  part  of  the  continent 

is  in  the  temperate  zone.    Here  the  summers 

are  hot  and  the  winters  cold.    This 

is  the  part  we  live  in. 

The  Central  plain  in  the 

far   north    is  very  cold 

and  little  grows  there. 

The   middle   part   of 

this  plain  has  the 

best   grain  lands 

in  the  world.  The 

southern  third  of 

the  plain  is  not«d 

for  cotton. 

Helps.  —  What  i» 
the  form  of  North 
America?  Name  a  bay 
on  the  north.  Name 
a  gulf  on  the  south- 
east. What  else  is 
said  about  the  coast? 
Which  part  of 
North  America  has  a 
long  and  wide  high- 
land? What  is  it 
called  ?  In  what  other 
part  is  there  a  high- 
land? 

Where  is  the  largest 
plain   of   this   conti- 
nent?   What   is   it 
called  ?   W  here  are  the 
Great  Lakes?    What 
is  said  of  the  lakes  in 
the  Central  plain? 
In  which  part  of  the 
plain  is  the  Mississippi  river  ?    To  what  gulf  does  it  flow  ? 
Which  part  of  this  continent  is  the  coldest?    Which 
part  is  the  hottest?    In  which  zone  do  we  live?  What  are 
the  seasons  in  this  zone? 

Which  part  of  the  Central  plain  is  coldest?  On  what 
ocean  does  it  border?  On  what  gulf  does  the  warm  part  of 
the  plain  border  ?   Name  some  products  of  this  plain. 


RELIEF    MAP   OF    NORTH    AMERICA 


NOETH  AMERICA 


41 


35.   Map  studies 

Note.  —  A  ball  is  a  globe.  The  earth 
IS  a  globe.  The  round  maps  in  this  book 
are  globe  maps. 

The  map  on  the  opposite  page  is  a 
relief  map.  On  it  you  can  see  moun- 
tains, valleys,  plains  and  rivers. 

The  map  on  this  page  gives  the  names 
of  some  of  the  forms  of  land  and  water 
in  North  America. 

Find  the  Arctic  circle.  All  north  of 
that  line  is  the  frigid  zone.  South  of  it 
is  the  temperate  zone.  It  reaches  to  the 
tropic  of  Cancer.  This  line  crosses  the 
gulf  of  Mexico.  South  of  this  line  is 
the  torrid  zone. 

The  map  on  this  page  also  shows  by 
colors  the  height  of  the  land  above  sea 
level.  The  low  plains  are  shown  by  the 
color  green.  They  are  mostly  in  the  east- 
ern half  of  the  continent. 

The  buff  or  pale  yellow  shows  the  high 
plains  or  plateaus,  but  only  up  to  4000 
feet  above  sea  level.  All  parts  of  the 
continent  over  4000  feet  high  are  shown 
by  the  red.  This  color  appears  chiefly  in 
the  western  third  of  the  continent. 

Map  studies.  —  What  ocean  is  west 
of  North  America  ?  —  east  of  it  ? — north 
of  it? 

Where  is  the  isthmus  of  Panama? 
What  does  it  join?    What  strait  cuts 
Asia  from   North  America?    The  relief  map  shows 
the  Western  highland.    Where  is  its  widest  part  ?    In 
what  direction  do  most  of  the  ranges  run  ? 

Which  is  the  higher,  the  Eastern  or  the  Western 
highland?    What  plain  is  between  these  highlands? 

In  which  zone  is  most  of  this  continent? 

What  ocean  is  north  of  Alaska?  What  ocean  is 
south  of  it?  What  sea  is  west  of  it?  Alaska  be- 
longs to  the  United  States. 

In  which  part  of  North  America  is  Canada  ?  What 
country  is  south  of  it?  What  three  oceans  border 
on  Canada?    Where  is  Hudson  bay? 

Between  what  oceans  is  the  United  States  ?  What 
great  gulf  is  on  the  south  ?  What  country  is  on  the 
south  ?    What  country  is  on  the  north  ? 

What  ocean  is  west  of  Mexico?  What  gulf  is  east  of  it? 

Where  is  Central  America?  Several  small  coun- 
tries form  Central  America.  Where  are  the  West 
Indies?    What  sea  is  south  of  Cuba? 

Where  is  the  large  island  of  Greenland  ?  In  which 
zone  is  most  of  it  ?    Where  is  Iceland  ?    See  page  43. 


NORTH   TE|(^RATe  ZONE 


..SOUTH  TEMPERAT 


SOUTH  POLE. 


Globe  map  of  North  America 


42 


PEOPLE  AND  COUNTRIES 


36.   People  and  countries 

The  first  white  people  in  America  came 
over  the  ocean  from  Europe.  They  found  here 
many  tribes  of  red  men  or  Indians. 

More  than  half  the 
people  of  Mexico  and 
the  lands  south  of  it 
are  Indians. 

Some  red  men  live 
in  the  United  States. 
Nearly  all  are  vv^est  of 
the  Mississippi  river. 
A  few  tribes  of  red  men 
live  in  Canada. 

Here  is  an  odd  cradle. 
It  often  hangs  on  a  tree. 
Day  after  day  the  Indian 
baby  swings  in  it.  Often 
he  takes  a  ride  on  his 
mother's  back.  When  he  is 
old  enough  he  will  be  tied 
on  a  horse.  In  this  way  he 
will  learn  to  ride.  He  will 
also  learn  to  use  the  bow 
and  arrows. 

Indian  boys  run  races, 
swim,  play  ball,  hunt  and 
fish  in  the  streams. 

Many  Indians  live  in 
tents,  but  some  have  houses 
made  of  wood  or  brick. 
Some  Indians  plant  grain 
and  tend  cattle. 

Let  us  visit  the  Indians 
in  the  evening.  A  drum  is 
calling  the  men  to  a  dance 
round  the  camp  fire.  At 
first  they  dance  slowly. 
Then  the  drum  beats  faster 
and  they  leap  and  yell  as 
if  in  a  fight. 

The  boys  like  to  see  the 
dance.  Some  day  they  will 
dance  round  the  fire.  Now 
they  are  not  old  enough. 

Indian  girls  cook  and  work  in  the  gardens.  They 
help  skin  the  animals  that  have  been  killed.  But 
they  also  find  some  time  for  play.  They  are  very 
fond  of  dolls. 


Indian  mother  and  her  baby 


Some  Indians  can  use  the  rifle.  Millions  of  the 
red  men  in  South  America  use  the  bow  and  arrows  or 
the  blowgun. 

In  the  hot  zone  they  wear  little  clothing  and  build 
their  huts  of  branches,  for  the  air  is  never  cold. 

Many  Negroes  were 
once  slaves  in  North 
America.  They  were 
brought  from  Africa. 
They  are  now  free. 
Most  of  them  live  in 
the  warm  parts  of  the 
continent. 

Most  of  the  people 
of  North  America  are 
white.  They  have  great 
cities  with  tall  houses 
made  of  stone  or  brick. 
They  have  built  many 
railroads.  Their  ships 
.sail  on  all  the  oceans. 
Some  of  the  boys  and 
girls  of  America  live  oia 
farms.  Their  fathers 
raise  wheat, com,  cotton 
or  other  crops.  Some 
tend  herds  of  cattle. 

Others  live  near 
workshops.  They  see 
:iien  shape  hot  iron  into 
many  kinds  of  tools  and 
machines.  Some  live 
near  mills  where  cloth 
or  boots  and  shoes  are 
made.  Tins  is  a  land  of 
liusy  people. 

Tribes  of  yellow  peo- 
ple live  in  the  far  north. 
They  are  Eskimos. 
They  hunt  seals  and 
catch  fish  in  the  cold 
ocean. 

There  is  a  picture  of  an  Eskimo  boy  on  page  44, 
When  this  boy  was  a  baby  he  slept  in  a  bag  of  feathers, 
Now  he  wears  clothing  made  of  sealskin.  On  cold  days 
he  dra.ws  a  warm  hood  over  his  head. 


112  Longitude  "West 


from  G'reenwich 


44 


PEOPLE  AND  COUNTRIES 


The  Eskimo  boy 
goes  with  his  father 
to  hunt  seals.  They 
have  a  sled  drawn  by 
dogs.  They  also  have 
a  canoe 

Eskimo  baby  The  boy  takes  care 

of  the  dogs  while  his 
father  creeps  up  to  a  great  block  of  ice.     There  is 
a  seal  behind  it.    The  man  throws  his  spear 
and  kills  the  seal.    It  seems  cruel,  but 
these  people  eat  the  meat. 

Let  us  go  into  the  hut.    It  is 
smoky  but  warm.    Look  at  the 
upper    picture   on    page   66. 

It  is  too  cold  to  raise 
wheat  where  this  boy  lives. 
He  never  saw  bread.  There 
is  no  grass  for  cattle. 

The  Eskimos  catch  fish 
and  sea  birds.  They  also 
hunt  the  great  white  bear. 
White  people  go  to  the 
cold  sea  of  the  north  to  hunt 
seals  and  whales.  They  sell 
knives  and  needles  to  the  Eskimos.        _^^^ 

These  people  live  on  the  shore     ^^^^rfHH 
of  the  Arctic  ocean.    This  Eskimo  baby 
was  born  in  the  great  city  of  Chicago,  at 
the  time  of  the  World's  Fair.    The  Eskimo       Sorting 


^1  ^     .       V  1    11^^     boy  was  there  also, 

^J^A  ^  f  .    .^  rW  Ji     hut    both    went    to 

live  in  the  cold 
iiortli,  where  the  boy 
could  grow  up  to 
hunt  the  seal. 
What  wonderful  things  has  ^  this  boy  seen 
that  his  playmates  cannot  see  in  their  far-off  home  ? 
The  children  in  the  round  picture  live  in  Mexico. 
Their  home  is  in  a  warm  land,  and  they  need  only 
light  cotton  cloth  for  clothing.  They  play  out  in  the 
open  air  with  bare  heads  and  bare  feet,  while  the 
Eskimo  children  must  cover  their  heads  and  feet  with 
warm  sealskins,  even  in  summer,  because  they  live  in 
another  zone. 

Helps. — What    people    first   lived    in 
America?    Where  did  the  white  peo- 
ple come  from? 
In  what  parts  of  North  America 
do  red  men  now  live?    What 
is  said  about  the  Indians  in 
the  lands  south  of  us  ?  Tell 
what    you    can    about    the 
Indians.     Where    did    the 
black    people    of    America 
come     from?     Why    were 
they  brought  here?    In 
what  part  of  the  continent 
do  most  of  them  live? 
To  what  race  do  most  of  the 
people  of  North  America  belong? 
Name  some  of  the  things  they  make. 
Tell  some  of  the  kinds  of  work  done 
by  the  white  people  of  America. 
Tell  all  you  can  about  the  Eskimos.  What 
does  the  Mexican  picture  show  ? 


cofiee  berries 


ll^^K  37.   Climate  and  plants 

We  have  learned  that  parts  of  North  Amer- 
ica are  in  three  zones.  The  northern  part  is 
in  the  frigid  zone.  It  is  too  cold  for  fruits 
and  grain.  A  few  stunted  trees  grow  there. 
During  the  few  warm  weeks  of  summer  the 


topsoil 
thaws  and 
wild  flowers 
spring  up. 
A  large  part 
of  the  year 
the  ground  is 
buried  under 
snow. 

In  the  far 
south  the  air 
is  hot  or  warm 
all  the  year. 
This  part  is 
in  the  torrid 
zone.    Plenty 
of  rain  falls  and 
plants  grow  almost 
everywhere.  In  some 
places  the  forests  are  so 
thick  that  the  sunlight 
is  shut  out. 

Bananas,  coffee  and  many 
other  products  are  raised  in  the 
torrid  zone.  Some  of  the  trees 
yield  pretty  wood  for  making 
chairs,  tables  and  other  kinds  of  furniture. 

Between  the  hot  zone  and  the  cold  zone  lies 
the  best  zone  of  aU.  It  is  the  temperate  zone. 
It  has  the  most  people,  the  largest  cities,  the 
best  farms,  the  most  cattle.  It  is  the  zone  in 
which  we  live.  It  has  long,  hot  summers,  and 
cold  or  cool  winters.  It  includes  most  of  the 
continent  of  North  America. 

Here  is  a  plant  map  of  North  America.  It 
shows  where  the  most  useful  plants  grow. 


CLIMATE  AND   PLANTS 


45 


Let  us  start  in  the  far  south.  This  part  is 
in  the  torrid  zone.  Here  the  map  shows  sugar 
cane,  tobacco  and  coffee.  There  are  also  many 
kinds  of  fruit. 

The  plains  near  the  gulf  of  Mexico  are  the 
best  cotton  lands  in  the  world. 

The  plains  near  the 
Great  Lakes  are  the 
best  grain  lands  in 
the  world.  The  chief 
grains  are  corn  and 
wheat.  Tobacco  also 
grows  there. 

Fruit  trees  grow  in 

most  parts  of  this 

continent.    There  are 

oranges,  apples,  pears, 

peaches  and   many  other 

kinds  of  fruit. 

Trees  for   lumber  grow  in 

many  places.    The  map  shows 


Plant  map  of 

North  America 


only  a  few  of  them. 

Helps.  —  In  what  zone  is  the  north- 
em  part  of  this  continent?    Why  can- 
not fruits  or  g^ain  grow  there  ?    What 
can  grow  in  parts  of  the  frigid  zone  ? 
Which  part  of  North 
America  is  in  the 
torrid  zone?  What 
seasons  has  this 
hot  zone?  Why 
do  many  plants 
grow  best  in  the 
torrid  zone  ?    Name  some  plants  of  the 
torrid  zone  in  North  America. 

In  which  zone  do  we  live?  What 
seasons  have  we?  Name  some  prod- 
ucts that  grow  in  your  part  of  the 
country.  Name  a  useful  plant  that  grows  in  the  plain 
near  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  Where  are  the  best  wheat  and 
corn  lands  ? 

Name  some  fruits  raised  in  this  continent.  Name  some 
of  the  uses  of  trees.  What  grow  on  the  large  islands  south- 
east of  our  country  ? 

We  must  not  think  that  the  map  shows  all  the  plants 
that  grow  in  the  continent.  It  shows  a  few  of  the  most 
useful  ones,  that  men  raise  on  great  farms  and  sell  to  other 
people.  But  there  are  many  others  also  that  are  very  use- 
ful.   Perhaps  you  can  name  some  of  them. 


46 


ANIMALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


38.  Animals  of  North  America 

White  men  first  came  to  North  America 
about  four  hundred  years  ago.  After  some 
years  they  brought  cows^  horses,  sheep  and 
hogs  from  Europe.  There  are  millions  of 
these  animals  here  now. 

Many  wild  animals  live  in  this  continent. 
Black  bears  are  seen  in  the  mountains  and 


forests.  The 
white  bear 
lives  in  the 
frigid  zone. 
It  catches 
fish  and  seals 
for  its  food. 
This  is  the 
largest  of  the 
bear  family. 

The  grizzly 
bear  is  very 
fierce.  It  has 
long  curved 
claws.    Its  home  is 
in  the  Western 
highland.  Many  of  the 
grizzly  bears  have  been 
killed,  and  very  few  are  now 
to  be  found. 

There  are  many  deer.  They  feed 
on  grass  and  tender  branches.  Most  of  the 
deer  are  now  found  in  the  forests.  The  moose 
is  the  largest  of  all  the  deer  family.  It  is 
common  in  the  forests  of  the  northeast  part 
of  the  continent. 

Years  ago  there  were  many  bisons  in  the 
Central  plain.  Nearly  all  have  been  killed. 
A  few  live  in  the  Western  highland,  but  most 


the  same  family.     The  bison  is  often  called 
the  buffalo. 

Among  the  smaller  animals  are  the  big- 
horn or  Rocky  mountain  sheep,  the  wolf,  fox, 
opossum  and  peccary.  The  turkey  is  a  native 
of  the  New  World  and  is  still  found  wild. 

Many  fur  animals  live  in  the  cold  parts  of 
the  world.    They  need  their  warm  fur  where 

they  live. 

Useful   animals 
are  found  in  the 
cold  water   of   the 
frigid  zone.  Among 
these  are  the  seal, 
the  whale  and  the  wal- 
rus.   The  skins  of  seals 
are  made  into  clothing. 
Whales  are  killed  for 
their  oil.    The  walrus 
also  supplies  oil.    Its 
teeth  are  made  of  ivory. 

There  is  a  layer  of  fat  under  the 
skin  of  the  wliale.  This  keeps  the 
cold  water  from  cooling  the  body 
too  much.  Oil  comes  from  the  fat 
when  it  is  heated.  Men  go  to  the 
frozen  ocean  to  hunt  for  whales. 

The  walrus  is  very  large.    It  is 

in  the  seal  family.    It  iises  its  long 

teeth  or  tusks  to  dig  shellfish  from 

the  bottom  of  bays.    It  also 

fights  with  its  tusks. 

The  seal  feeds  mostly  on 

fish.    It  catches  them  with 

its  sharp  teeth.    It  can  swim 

very  fast.    Sealskins  are  worn  by 

many  people  in  cold  lands. 

Many  kinds  of  fish  are  caught 
in  the  sea,  rivers  and  lakes. 

Helps.  —  Name  some  animals  that  the  wliite  meu  carried 
to  North  America. 

Which  is  the  largest  bear?  Where  is  it  found?  What 
does  it  feed  on  ?  What  is  said  about  the  grizzly  bear  ?  — 
about  deer  ?  —  about  bisons  ?  —  about  smaller  animals  V 

In  what  part  of  the  world  are  many  fur-bearing  animals 


of  them  are  in  public  parks.    They  are  large     ^Ti^  .^^°  ^°"  "'^"':  \^^  '^7  >^^eiom.d  in  cold  lands? 

J      ,  mL      1  •  1     .  ./  "^6"=  What  can  you  teU  about  the  whale?  — the  walrus?  — 

and  strong.    Ihe  bison  and  the  ox  belong  to     the  seal? 


r 

■      39.  Western  highland  and  Pacific  slope 

I  pi  The  Western  highland  covers  one  third  of 
this  country.  It  is  also  called  the  Rocky 
mountain  highland.  See  map  on  page  4.1. 
This  highland  is  wide  and  high.  It  has  many 
long  ranges,  most  of  them  running  north  and 
south.  The  highland  has  rich  mines  of  gold  and 
silver.    Denver  is  a  center  for  mining  supplies. 

The  Rocky  mountains  are  on  the 
east  side  of  the  great  highland. 
They  have  many  high  peaks. 
These  mountains 
rise  from  a  high 
plateau.    Many 
parts  of  it  are  a 
mile  above  the 
sea.    The   moun- 
tains on  the  east 
and  west  sides  of 
the  plateau  cool 
the  clouds  and 
take  out  most  of 
the  rain. 

The  dry  middle 
region  of  the  plateau 
is  called  the   Great 
Basin.    Its  small  rivers 
flow  into  salt  lakes. 

There  is  a  little  salt  in 
nearly  all  soil.  Kain  water 
washes  it  out  and  carries 
some  of  the  salt  to  rivers. 
There  is  not  enough  to  make  the  river  water  taste  salt. 

Some  rivers  flow  into  lakes  and  carry  the  salt  with 
them.  If  rivers  flow  out  of  the  lakes,  they  carry  the 
salt  with  them.  If  no  rivers  flow  out,  the  salt  is  left 
there.    After  many  years  such  lakes  become  salt. 

Find  Great  Salt  lake  on  the  map.  No  river  flows 
out  of  this  lake  and  its  water  is  very  salt. 

Salt  Lake  City  is  not  far  from  this  lake.  The  fields 
near  it  are  watered  by  streams  from  the  mountains. 
This  city  is  the  home  of  the  Mormons. 

The  Colorado  river  flows  from  the  Rocky 
mountains  to  a  gulf  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Parts  of  this  river  flow  between  steep  cliffs. 


47 


THE   UNITED   STATES 


Canyon  of  the  Colorado 


They  are  walls  of  solid  rock.  In  places  the 
rock  rises  over  a  mile  above  the  river.  The 
rocks  have  many  colors,  such  as  gray,  brown, 
red,  yellow  and  blue. 

The  Columbia  river  has  its  source  in  the 
Rocky  mountains.  It  flows  to  the  Pacific 
ocean.  The  city  of  Portland,  the  second 
largest  port  on  the  Pacific  slope,  is  on  a 
branch  of  the  Columbia. 

Two  high  ranges  rise  near 
the  west  coast.    They  are 
the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  the  Cascade  range 
The  region  west  of 
them  is  the  Pacific 
slope.    "Sierra" 
means   a   range 
looking   like  saw- 
teeth.   "Nevada" 
means  snoivy.    A 
cascade  is  a  little 
waterfall. 
Low  Coast  ranges 
lie   near   the   Pacific 
shore.    The  valleys  be- 
tween  these    ranges   are 
very  fertile.    San  Francisco 
is  the  largest  port  on  the  Pacific 
coast.    It  is  on  a  deep  harbor. 

Helps Look  at  the  large  relief  map  of  the 

United  States  and  tell  all  you  can  about  its  sur- 
face. Where  is  the  Western  highland?  Where  are  the 
Rocky  mountains?  Tell  what  you  can  about  them.  What 
is  west  of  them? 

Where  is  the  Great  Basin?  Can  you  tell  why  the  Great 
Basin  has  so  little  rain? 

How  are  salt  lakes  formed  ?  What  is  said  about  Great 
Salt  lake?    What  city  is  not  far  from  the  lake? 

What  is  said  about  the  Colorado  river  ?  What  does  the 
picture  on  this  page  show?  Where  is  the  Columbia  river? 
What  is  said  about  Portland? 

What  two  high  ranges  are  not  far  from  the  Pacific  coast  ? 
What  does  "  Sierra  Nevada"  mean?  What  is  a  cascade? 
We  saw  a  picture  of  a  waterfall  on  page  2. 

What  name  is  given  to  the  low  ranges  close  by  the 
shore?    What  is  said  about  San  Francisco? 


48 


EASTERN   HIGHLAND 


Typical  scene  in  the  Appalachian  highland  ;  valleys  cut  in  plateau 


40.   Eastern  highland  and  Atlantic  slope 

The  Eastern  highland  is  also  called  the 
Appalachian  highland.  See  map  on  page  j^l. 
It  is  long  and  narrow.  It  is  not  very  high. 
The  pictures  on  this  page  show  how  parts  of 
it  look,  with  low  plateaus  and  rounded  peaks. 

This  high- 
land has  plenty 
of  rain  and  is 
green  with 
trees.  Its  rocks 
yield  coal  and 
iron. 

The  slope 
east  of  this 
highland  is  the 
Atlantic  slope. 
Many  short 
rivers  flow 
down  this  slope 
to  the  sea. 
Some  are  deep 
enough  to  float  large  vessels  to  inland  towns. 

In  the  south  this  slope  is  part  of  the  South- 
em  plain.    It  has  great  fields  of  cotton. 

The  northern  part  of  this  slope  is  narrow. 
The  coast  has  many  great  ports.  They  are  on 
deep  harbors.    One  of  these  is  New  York,  at 


Mt.  Mitchell,  the  highest  peak  in  the  Eastern  highland 


the  mouth  of  the  Hudson  river.    This  is  the 
largest  city  in  all  America. 

Helps.  —  Where  is  the  Eastern  highland  ?  What  coast 
is  east  of  it?  Which  is  the  wider,  the  Eastern  or  the 
Western  highland  ?  Which  is  the  higher  ?  Name  two  use- 
ful minerals  taken  from  the  Eastern  highland. 

Where  is  the  Atlantic  slope?    What  is  said  about  its 

rivers  ?  Name  two 
products  of  the 
southern  part  of 
this  slope.  What 
is  said  about  the 
northern  part  of 
this  slope?  Where 
is  New  York? 
What  is  said  about 
it? 

41.  Central 
plain 

The  Central 
plain  lies  be- 
tween the  high- 
lands. About 
half  of  it  is  in 
the  United  States.  The  other  half  is  in  Canada. 
Names  are  given  to  parts  of  this  plain. 
The  part  near  the  Arctic  shore  is  the  North- 
em  plain.  It  is  very  cold.  Its  soil  is  frozen 
nearly  all  the  year,  and  plants  spring  up  only 
during  the  few  warm  weeks  of  summer. 


Relief  map  of  the  United  States  showing  natural  regions 


The  Southern  plain  is  near  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  It  is  in  the  warm  part  of  the  tem- 
perate zone.  It  has  plenty  of  rain  all  the 
year.  This  part  of  the  plain  is  very  fertile. 
It  has  the  best  cotton  lands  in  the  world.  It 
also  yields  rice  and  sugar  cane. 

The  Western  plain  is  east  of  the  Rocky 
mountains.  It  receives  little  rain,  but  some 
of  the  land  is  watered  by  streams  from  the 
mountains.    Good  grass  for  cattle  grows  there. 

The  richest  grain  lands  in  the  world  are 
south  and  west  of  the  Great  Lakes.  They  are 
called  prairies.  The  soil  is  fertile  and  there 
is  plenty  of  rain.  Chicago  is  the  largest  city 
of  the  prairies. 

The  Mississippi  is  the  largest  river  of  the 
Central  plain.  It  has  many  long  branches. 
From  the  west  flow  the  Missouri,  Arkansas 
and  other  rivers  to  join  it.  The  Ohio  river 
flows  from  the  east.  There  are  steamboats  on 
these  great  rivers.  Cincinnati  and  Pittsburg 
are  large  river  ports  on  the  Ohio. 


The  great  stream  from  the  source  of  the 
Missouri  river  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 
is  often  called  the  Missouri-Mississippi.  It  is 
the  longest  river  in  the  world. 

St.  Louis  is  the  largest  city  on  the  Missis- 
sippi river.  It  has  a  large  river  trade.  New- 
Orleans,  a  cotton  market,  is  about  a  hundred 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  this  river. 

The  city  of  St.  Paul  is  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation  on  the  Mississippi. 

Helps.  —  Where  is  the  Central  plain?  In  what  two 
countries  is  it  ?  What  part  of  this  plain  is  near  the  Arctic 
coast?    Why  do  not  many  plants  grow  in  the  far  north? 

Where  is  the  Southern  plain?  In  what  zone  is  it  ?  Why 
is  it  fertile?    Name  some  products  of  the  Southern  plain. 

Where  is  the  Western  plain  ?  What  is  said  of  its  water 
supply?  What  grows  there?  Where  are  the  prairies?  What 
is  said  of  the  rain  and  soil  in  the  prairies  ? 

What  great  river  flows  in  the  Central  plain?  In  what 
mountains  do  the  Missouri  and  Arkansas  rivers  rise  ?  From 
what  highland  does  the  Ohio  river  flow?  What  is  said 
about  the  Missouri-Mississippi  river? 

Xame  two  ports  on  the  Ohio  river;  two  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi river.     What  is  said  about  St.  Paul? 


50 


GREAT  LAKES 


51 


Five  great  bodies  of 
fresli  water  are  known 
as  the  Great  Lakes. 
They  are  in  a  chain  of 
valleys.  Only  small 
rivers  flow  into  them. 
The  St.  Lawrence  river 
flows  out  of  one  of 
them.  The  map  gives 
their  names. 

These   lakes   are    in 
one  of  the  richest  re- 
.  gions  of  the  earth.    It  has  the  largest  fields  of 

wlieat  and  corn.  It  has  forests  of  hard  and  soft 

wood.    It  has  the  best  grass  lands  and  the  rich- 
est iron  mines. 
Thousands  of 

steamers  go  from 

port   to  port  on 

the   lakes    and 

carry  these  prod- 
ucts. Large  cities 

have  grown  up 

near  the  lakes. 

Chicago  is  the 

largest  lake  port 

of  the  world.    It  ships 

the  most  wheat  and  corn. 

It  sells  the  most  meat. 

has  the  most  railroads. 

The  Great  Lakes  are  in  wide 
and  deep  valleys.    Lake  Superior  is  the 
largest.    The  surface  of  its  water  is  about  600  feet 
above  sea  level,  but  the  bottom  of  this  lake,  like 


that  of  each  of  the  others  except  lake  Erie,  sinks 
lower  than  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  water  of  lake  Superior  is  higher  than 
lake  Huron  and  a  swift  river  flows  from  the 
upper  lake  to  the  lower.  This  is  the  Sf.  Marys 
rim:  (Jreat  canals  have  been  built  past  the 
rapids  in  this  river,  so  that  steamers  can  go  from 
lake  to  lake.  These  steamers  cany  iron,  (topper, 
wheat  and  luml)er  from  the  region  round  the 
u])]ier  lake. 

Chicago  and  Milwaukee  are  large  ports  on  lake 
Michigan.  No  canal  is  needed  for  boats  going 
from  this  lake  to  lake  Huron  nor  to  reach  lake  Erie. 
At  the  eastern  end  of  lake  Erie,  at  the  city  of  Bufialo, 
the  long  Erie  canal  begins.  Boats  can  go  by  this 
canal  across  the  great  state  of  New  York,  reach  the 
Hudson  river,  and  then  go  down  this  river  to  the  great 
c;ity  of  New  York. 

The  Niagara  river  flows  from  lake  Erie  to  lake 
( )ntario.  In  one  place  the  river  leaps  over  a  cliff 
that  it  has  worn  in  the  rock.  The  water  falls  into 
a  deep  gorge.  The  falls  of  Niagara  are  noted  for  their 
size  and  great  beauty. 

Part  of  the  Niagara  river  turns  great  wheels. 
These  run  machines  that  make  electricity.  This  is 
carried  on  wires  to  cities  and  towns.  There  it  lights 
houses,  runs  cars  and  supplies  power  to  mills. 

The  St.  Lawrence  river  is  the  outlet  of  the 
Great  Lakes.  Steamers  can  go  down  this  river 
from  the  lake  to  the  sea. 

Helps.  —  Where  are  the  Great  Lakes  ?  Name 
them.     Name  some  of  the   products  of  tlie 
prairies  and  other  lands  round  the  Great  Lakes. 
Why  are   so  many  steamer.s  needed 
on  these  lakes  ?    Why  have  cities  been 
built  near  the  lakes?    What  is  said 
about  Chicago?  Tell  all  you  can  about 
lake  Superior  ;  St.  Marys  river  ;  the 
other   lakes ;   the  Erie  canal. 
Where  is  the  Niagara  river? 
For  what   is  it   noted? 
What  use  is  made  of  part 
of  the  water  of  Niag- 
ara river? 

Name  the  outlet  of 
the  Great  Lakes.    In 
what  lake  does  it  have 
^.      its  source?    To  what 
■r       ocean  do   the  Great 
Lakes  send  water? 
Locate  all  cities  named  above 
Grain  elevator  and  steamer  and  tell  what  is  said  of  each. 


52 


MAP  STUDIES 


^  S>  J3  -^    P, 
a    ,,  .23  S  -* 


64 


HOW  THE  COUNTRY  WAS  SETTLED 


44.   How  the  country  was  settled 

Long  ago  there  were  no  white  people  in 
America,  but  many  red  men  lived  here.  Then 
Columbus  found  the  New  World  and  white 
people  came  here  to  live. 

Most  of  the  settlers  made  their  homes  near  the 
Atlantic  coast,  as  it  was  nearest  their  old  homes  in 
Europe.  The  Eastern  highland  rose  between  them 
and  the  broad  prairies.  Savage  red  men  also  held  the 
lands  a  little  back  from  the  coast. 

After  a  time  the  people  found  that  there  were 

fertUe  prairies.    Large  bands  then  moved  west. 

Towns    grew    up 


The  Southern  plain  was  settled  early,  as 
its  soil  was  very  rich  and  its  coast  could  be 
reached  by  ships  from  Europe. 

A  long  time  ago  many  black  people  from  Africa 
were  sold  as  slaves  in  the  United  States.  They  were 
owned  both  in  the  North  and  in  the  South  of  our 
country.  Their  work  proved  most  helpful  in  the  cotton 
fields  of  the  South,  where  a  large  amount  of  cheap 
hand  labor  was  needed. 

After  a  long  time  all  the  slaves  were  set  free. 
Most  of  them  made  their  homes  near  the  places 
where  they  had  worked.  There  are  many  more  white 
people  than  black  people  in  the  South. 


along  the  lakes  and 
rivers.  Many  of  the 
towns  were  trading 
stations  where  the 
Indians  sold  furs 
for  beads,  knives, 
powder  and  other 
articles.  Soon  there 
were  large  boats  on 
the  lakes  and  rivers. 
A  little  more  than 
fifty  years  ago  gold 
was  found  near  the 
Pacific  coast.  Many 
people  went  there 
to  work  in  the 
mines.  Soon  they 
found  that  the 
wheat  and  fruits  ^''^  ^'^'  °°  ^''''  ""^p  '^°'^  """^ 
they  could  raise  were  worth  more  than  the  gold. 

Some  of  the  gold  hunters  went  on  horses  or  in 
wagons  across  the  wide  Central  plain  and  crossed  the 
Western  highland.    Many  were  killed  by  Indians. 

Others  went  in  vessels  all  the  way  round  South 
America.  Still  others  went  by  way  of  the  isthmus  of 
Panama.  They  crossed  that  neck  of  land  and  then 
went  up  the  coast  in  vessels. 

Thus  the  west  coast  of  our  country  was  settled. 
Now  people  can  cross  the  whole  country  in  a  few 
days  in  ears. 

Gold  and  silver  are  now  found  in  many 
parts  of  the  Western  highland,  and  people 
have  built  towns  and  cities  near  the  mines. 


and  towns.    The  largest  cities  are  shown  by  the  largest  dots 

There  are  many  more  Negroes  than  Indians 
in-  our  countiy.  Most  of  the  red  men  are  on 
lands  set  apart  for  them  by  the  nation.  Such 
lands  are  called  "  reservations." 

The  great  state  of  Texas  was  once  part  of 
Mexico.  It  won  its  freedom  and  joined  the 
United  States.  In  the  war  for  Texan  inde- 
pendence a  small  but  noted  battle  took  place 
in  a  chapel  in  the  city  of  San  Antonio.  You 
will  read  about  it  in  your  history. 

Helps.  —  Find  out  all  you  can  about  Columbus. 
Who  lived  in  this  country  before  the  white  people  came? 
Where  did  the  white  men  come  from  ? 


CLIMATE 


56 


Why  did  the  white  people  settle  near  the  eastern  coast? 
How  did  some  of  them  go  to  the  prairies?  Why  did  they 
wish  to  go  to  the  prairies  ? 

Can  you  think  why  trading  towns  grew  up  along  the 
lakes  and  rivers  ?  What  kind  of  boats  did  the  Indians  use  ? 
Where  did  the  Indians  get  furs  to  sell?  Why 
did  the  white  people  wish  to  buy  furs  ? 

Why  did  many  people  move  to  the  Pacific 
coast  ?  In  what  ways  did  they  go  ?  What 
did  they  find  that  was  worth  more  than  the 
gold  in  the  mines? 

Why  have  cities  and  towns  grown  up 
in  the  Western  highland?  Where  are  the 
towns  built? 

Why  did  white  people  go  to  the  South- 
ern plain  ?  What  gulf  is  south  of  this  plain? 
What  great  river  flows  across  it  ? 

Where  did  the  first  Negroes  of  our  coun- 
try come  from?  Why  are  there  so  many 
in  the  South  ?  To  what  race  do  most  of  the 
people  of  the  South  belong  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  Indians?  For 
what  is  San  Antonio  noted? 

The  map  on  page  54  shows  cities  and 
towns.    In  what  part  are  the  dots  largest  and  thickest? 

Which  has  the  greatest  number  of  towns,  the  Western 
highland  or  the  prairies  round  the  Great  Lakes  ?  Which  is  the 
more  thickly  settled,  the  Pacific  coast  or  the  Atlantic  coast? 


The  northern  half  of  the  country  has  four 
or  five  months  of  cold.  Snow  covers  the  ground 
in  winter.  Many  of  the  rivers  and  small  lakes 
freeze.    The  rest  of  the  year  is  warm  or  hot. 


45.   Climate 

By  the  word  "  chmate  "  we  mean  the  heat, 
rain  and  winds  in  any  place. 

The  United  States  is  in  the  temperate  zone. 
The  southern  half  has  cool  winters  and  hot 
summers. 


The  upper  map  shows  which  areas  are  warmest 
in  summer.  The  useful  plants  are  then  growing. 
The  other  map  shows  where  most  of  the 
rain  falls  in  summer.  The  eastern 
half  of  the  country  has  plenty  of 
rain.  The  Western  plain  and  high- 
land need  more  rain. 

The  most  rain  falls  near  the 
shore  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  This 
is  the  Southern  plain. 

Most  of  the  people  live  where 
there  is  plenty  of  rain.  Here  are 
found  the  best  farms.  But  even 
the  dry  lands  have  some  grass  for 
cattle  and  sheep. 

Helps.  — What  does  the  word  "  climate  " 
mean  ?  In  what  zone  is  the  United  States  ? 
Tell  about  the  summer  and  winter  in  the 
southern  part  of  our  country.  Tell  about 
the  seasons  in  the  northern  half.  When  do  most  of  the 
useful  plants  grow  in  the  colder  half  of  our  country  ?  - 

Look  at  the  little  map  showing  July  or  summer  heat, 
and  tell  which  parts  of  the  country  have  the  hottest  simi- 
mers.    Which  parts  have  the  coolest  summers  ? 

Which  parts  of  the  country  have  rain  enough?  Which 
parts  have  not  ?  Where  does  the  most  rain  fall  in  svimmer  ? 
See  the  red  on  the  map. 


56 


COTTON 


Cotton  cloth  is  made  in  the 
states  along  the  Atlantic  coast 
and  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  This 
country  sends  cotton  to  Europe. 

New  Orleans  ^  is  the  leading  cot- 
ton port  of  the  world.  Memphis, 
on  the  Mississippi  river  above 
New  Orleans,  is  also  a  large  cot- 
ton market.  Galveston  ships  cot- 
ton for  the  large  state  of  Texas. 
Savannah  and  Charleston  are  great 
cotton  ports.  Much  cotton  is  sent 
to  New  York  for  export. 

Atlanta  is  a  large  inland  cotton 
market. 


46,   Cotton 

The  cotton  plant  grows  in  warm  countries. 
It  needs  plenty  of  rain.  It  cannot  grow  in 
cold  or  dry  lands.  The  best  cotton  fields  in 
the  world  are  in  the  Southern  plain. 

Long  white  fibers  grow  on  the  cotton  seeds  and 
burst  the  pods  as  the  seeds  ripen.  One  picture 
shows  the  soft  cotton  in  the  pods  of  the  plants. 

Look  at  the  picture  of  the  cotton  gin.    The 
word   "gin"   is  a  short  form   of  the  word 
"  engine."  When  the  seed  and  fiber  are  picked 
they  are  put  into  the  top  of  the  gin 
They  faU  on  the  wheel  that  has  saw- 
teeth.   These  teeth  catch  hold  of  the 
fibers  and  tear  them  from  the  seeds. 

Another  wheel  brushes  the  fibers 
from  the  sawteeth.    The  seeds  fall 
out  on  one  side  and  the  fibers  on  the 
other.    The  fibers   are  then  pressed  into 
large  bales  and  are  ready  to  be  sold. 

Some  kinds  of  cloth  are  made  of  cotton. 
First  the  fibers  are  twisted  into  thread. 
This  work  is  called  spinning.    Then 
the  threads  are  ready  to  be  woven  into 
cloth.    To  weave  is  to  cross  threads  so 
as  to  make  cloth. 

The  seeds  contain  useful  oil.    They  are  put  \ 
into  strong  presses  and  the  oil  is  squeezed    ^~- 
out.     Some  of  this  oil  is  used  in  making  soap. 
Some  of  it  is  sold  as  olive  oil,  but  true  olive  oil 
comes  from  the  olive  fruit.    The  part  that  is  left  after 
taking  the  oil  from  the  seed  is  called  oil  cake.    It  is 
used  to  fatten  cattle. 


Helps.  —  What  does  lesson  24  tell  about  cotton  ?  What 
does  the  cotton  plant  need  in  order  to  grow  best  ?  Where 
are  the  best  cotton  lands  ? 

Of  what  use  is  cotton  ?  Tell  how  the  fiber  is  torn  from 
the  seed.    What  is  spinning  ?    What  is  weaving  ? 


.Cotton  containing  seeds 
enters  here 


What  use  is  made  of  cotton 
seeds?  Name  two  kinds  of  oil. 
From  what  is  each  made?  What 
is  oil  cake?  What  is  it  used  for? 
In  which  part  of  the  United 
States  is  cotton  cloth  made  ?  What 
is  done  with  the  cotton  we  do  not  use  ? 

1  To  THE  Teacher.  —  The  names  of  cities  are  put  in  dark 
type  to  catch  the  eye.  Be  sure  that  pupils  locate  each  city 
by  telling  what  state  it  is  in  and  what  coast,  river,  lake  or 
range,  if  any,  it  is  near. 


INDIAN  COKN 


57 


47.   Indian  corn 

The  rich  prairies  are  near  the  middle  of  the 
temperate  zone.  The  hot  and  the  cold  seasons 
are  of  about  equal  length.  In  summer  the  fine 
soil  of  the  prairies  is  warm  and  there  is  plenty 
of  rain. 

The  prairies  are  the  richfest  grain  region  on 
the  earth.  One  of  the  leading  grains  is  corn. 
It  is  raised  also  in  all  parts  of  the  Southern  plain 
and  in  every  state  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Corn  is 
ground  to  meal 
and  made  into 
corn  bread. 
Green  com  or 
sweet  corn  is 
boiled  on  the 
cob  and  used 
as  food.  Much 
of  it  is  cut 
from  the  cob 
and  is  then 
canned. 

When  corn 
is  thickly  sown 
ears  do  not 
form,  but  the 
stalks  are  rich 
and  sweet. 
These  are  used 
as  fodder  or 
food  for  cattle. 

Corn  is  fed  to  hogs  to  make  them  grow  fat. 
Most  of  the  cattle  and  hogs  are  in  the  corn  belt. 

Frost  kills  growing  corn.    Cold  nights  hinder 
its  growth.    For  these  reasons  it  does  not  grow  so 
far  north  as  some  of  the  hardier  grains.    A  hardy 
plant  is  one  that  can  bear  the  cold  or  a  drouth. 

When  the  white  men  came  to  America  they  found 
that  the  Indians  had  fields  of  corn.  This  useful  grain 
was  then  taken  to  Europe.  Now  it  grows  in  nearly 
all  lands  having  long  and  hot  summers  with  plenty 
of  rain. 

Much  of  the  corn  is  sent  to  Europe.  Part 
of  it  goes  to  the  seaports  in  cars.  A  large  part 
goes  east  in  steamers  on  the  Great  Lakes. 
Then  it  is  placed  in  cars  or  in  canal  boats 
and  sent  to  the  coast.  Large  ships  then  take 
it  to  Europe. 


The  city  of  Chicago  receives  and  ships  the 
most  com.  This  city  is  beside  lake  Michigan. 
Most  of  the  large  lake  ports  ship  corn. 

Helps.  —  In  what  zone  are  the  prairies  ?    What  foiir  . 
seasons  have  this  zone  ?    What  is  said  of  the  soil  and  rain 
in  the  prairies?  Where   are  the   best  grain 

lands  on  earth?     ^fcSbwi  ^  Where  is  com  raised? 

What  use  do  w  >Ss£  we  make  of  com  ?  What  la 
fodder  com? 


Why  are  many  cattle  and  hogs  found  where  the 
most   com   is   raised  ?    What   is   fodder   corn  ?    How  do 
farmers  sow  corn  so  that  it  will   have  sweet  stalks  but 
no  ears? 

What  is  a  hardy  plant  ?    Why  does  not  com  grow  as  far 
north  as  some  other  grains  ? 

When  did  the  white  people  of  Europe  first  use  com? 
In  what  parts  of  the  world  does  com  now  grow  ? 

What  is  done  with  the  corn  we  do  not  need  ?    How  does 
it  reach  the  coast?    What  is  then  done  with  it? 

What  is  said  about  Chicago  ?    Where  is  this  great  city? 
What  does  lesson  42  teU  about  it  ? 


58 


WHEAT 


48.   Wheat 

Wheat  is  the  most  useful  grain  to  the  peo- 
ple of  our  country.  Flour  and  breakfast  foods 
are  made  from  it. 

The  little  wheat  seeds  consist  of  tiny  grains  inside 
of  husks.    First  the  husks  are  taken  off,  and  then  the 
outer  part  of  the  grains.    Only  the  inner  part 
of  each  grain  is  ground  or  rolled 
into  fine  white  flour. 


A  large  part  of  the  wheat  crop  passes 
through  Chicago.  Much  of  it  is  sent  to 
Europe.  New  York  and  Baltimore  ship  both 
corn  and  wheat  to  Europe. 

The  city  of  Minneapolis  leads  the  world  in 

making  flour.    This  city  is  near  the  wheat 

fields.     Great   falls  in   the   Mississippi 

river  help  to  run  its 


Wheat  grows  well  in  the  prairies.  It 
stands  cold  nights  and  frost  much  better  than 
corn  and  so  is  raised  farther  north.  Some  of 
the  best  wheat  lands  are  in  Canada. 

The  prairies  in  Texas  are  good  wheat  land. 
Dallas  has  large  flour  mills. 

The  valleys  near  the  Pacific  coast  yield 
large  crops  of  wheat.  San  Francisco  and  Port- 
land ship  wheat  by  way  of  the  Pacific  ocean. 

We  do  not  know  where  wheat  was  first 
found.  It  was  brought  here  from  Europe. 
Our  country  now  produces  about  one  fourth 
of  all  the  wheat  in  the  world. 


mills.  It  can  get  plenty  of 
hard  wood  for  making  flour 
barrels.  St.  Louis  is  also  a 
leading  fl.our  city. 

Helps.  —  Which  is  the  most  use- 
ful grain  to  us  ?  For  what  is  it  used  ? 
What  part  is  used  to  make  white  flour? 

In  which  parts  of  our  country  does  wheat  grow  ?  Why 
will  it  grow  farther  north  than  com?    Where  is  Dallas? 

How  much  wheat  does  our  country  produce?  Name  a 
lake  port  that  handles  wheat ;  two  eastern  seaports ;  two 
ports  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Name  two  cities  that  make  flour.  What  are  some  of 
the  reasons  for  m^aking  flour  in  Minneapolis  ? 


\ 


FOEESTS 


59 


49.   Forests 

Many  trees  grow  round  the  Great  Lakes 
and  east  of  them,  all  the  way  to  the  ocean. 
Some  of  these  trees  are  in  the  soft-wood  or 
pine  family.     Others  are  hard-wood  trees. 


One  of  the  pictures  shows  a  camp  in  a  forest.  The 
ground  is  white  with  snow.  This  camp  is  in  a  soft^ 
wood  forest.  The  snow  shows  that  it  is  in  the  cold 
part  of  the  country. 

All  winter  the  men  cut  down  trees  and  saw  them  into 
logs.  Horses,  oxen  or  engines  drag  the  logs  to  the  rivers. 

"When  the  rivers  are  frozen  the  logs  are  put  on  the 
ice.    In  the  spring  the  ice  melts.     Then  the 
logs  float  down  the  rivers  to  sawmills. 

There  are  many  hard-wood  trees  in 
the  eastern  half  of  the  coun- 
try.   These  include  such  trees 
as  oak  and  maple. 

Millions  of  trees  have  been  set 
out  and  grow  well  in  the  prairie 
soiL  Many  of  the  prairie  homes 
are  in  groves  of  shade  trees.  But 
there  were  not  many  trees  in  the 
prairies,  except  near  the  rivers,  be- 
fore the  white  men  settled  there. 


Mobile  is  a  liunber  port.  This  is  one  of  the 
gulf  cities  that  have  large  sawmills. 

There  are  forests  near  the  Pacific  coast. 
Some  of  the  largest  sawmills  in  the  world  are 
built  there.  Most  of  the  trees  are  soft  wood. 
The  fir  is  one  of  the  most  useful. 
Seattle  and  Tacoma  are  great  lum- 
ber markets  for  the  Pacific  coast. 
The  Western  plains  and  the 
dry  parts  of  the  Western  highland 
have  few  trees. 

We  must  not  think  that  com,  wheat 
and  forests  grow  in  all  places  tinted  red 
on  the  maps.  Among  the  forests  and 
fields  of  grain  are  millions  of  acres  of 
grass  and  other  plants. 

Helps.  —  Can  you  name  something  that 
is  made  of  pine?  —  of  oak?  —  of  maple? 
Can  you  name  two  kinds  of  trees  that  are 
used  in  building  houses? 

Name  some  trees  that   give   us   food. 
Name  some  used  for  fuel.    What  are  the 
best  shade  trees  near  your  home? 

Name  some  hard-wood  trees.  Name  some  soft-wood 
trees.  Which  parts  of  our  country  have  large  soft-wood 
forests  ?    In  what  family  are  these  soft-wood  trees  ? 

Tell  how  the  soft-wood  trees  are  cut  and  taken  to  the 


The  Southern  plain  has 
large  forests  of  long-leaf  pine, 
lumber.  The  sap  is  used  in  making  rosin  and 
turpentine.  Savannah  ships  more  rosin  than 
any  other  port  in  the  world. 


Logs  ready  to  float  down  to  a  sawmill 
It  makes  fine 


sawmills.    Where  are 

hard -wood  trees  found? 

What  is  said  about 

trees  in  the  prairies? 

Where  do  forests  of 

Name  some  of  the  uses  of  these 

Seattle? 


long-leaf  pine  grow? 

trees.    What  is  said  about  Savannah  ? — Mobile  ? 

—  Tacoma  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  forests  near  the  Pacific  coast?  Name 
two  parts  of  the  United  States  that  have  few  trees. 


60 


ANIMALS 


50.    Animals 

The  color  on  the  map  shows 
where  the  most  cattle  are  found. 
Some  cattle  are  raised  in  every 
state.  Most  of  them  are  in  the 
prairies  and  Western  plains. 

Only  a  small  part  of  the  Western 
plains  has  water  enough  for  wheat  and 
corn.  But  grass  grows  with  only  a  lit- 
tle rain.  Thus  the  lands  that  are  not 
good  for  grain  may  sujjport  many  cattle. 

The  prairies  have  plenty  of  rain. 
Grass  and  fodder  corn  grow  quickly. 
The  prairies  are  the  best  cattle  lands  in 
the  world. 

In  the  South  mauy  cattle  grow  fat 


by  feeding  on  oil  cake.    This  cake  is  what  is  left  after 
pressing  most  of  the  oil  from  cotton  seed. 

Cattle  are  the  most  useful  animals  in  this  country. 
Some  work  like  horses. 
Others  are  kUled  for     yf 
meat  or  beef.  The  skins 
or  hides  are  made  into 
leather. 

Cows  are  kept  for 
their  milk.  Milk  and 
butter  and  cheese  are 
dairy  products. 

Boston  is  the 
largest  boot  and 
shoe  market  in  the 
world. 


Many  horses  work  on  farms  in 
all  parts  of  the  country.  Most  of 
them  are  on  the  prairies,  where 
there  is  the  most  farm  work  to  do. 

Millions  of  sheep  are  raised  in 
the  prairies  and  all  over  the  West- 
em  highland. 

Sheep  supply  meat  as  well  as  skins 
and  wool.  The  meat  of  old  sheep  is  mut- 
ton.   The  meat  of  young  sheep  is  lamb. 

Wool  is  made  into  cloth.  It  is  sjiun 
and  woven  like  cotton.  Much  more  cloth 
is  made  of  cotton  than  of  wool  The 
states  in  the  northeastern  part  of  our 
country  make  woolen  cloth  and  yarn. 

Boston  is  not  far  from  great 
woolen  mills  and  is  a  noted  wool  market. 
Philadelphia  leads  the  world  in  woolen  carpets. 


Scene  on  a  cattle  ranch 


ANIMALS 


61 


Corn  is  the  best  food  to  fatten 
hogs.  The  corn  latids  are  in  the 
eastern  half  of  the  country.  Most 
of  the  hogs  are  raised  there. 

The  meat  of  hogs  is  pork.  The 
thick  parts  of  the  legs  are  salted 
or  smoked  to  make  hams.  Part  of 
the  fat  of  hogs  is  made  into  lard. 

This  country  sends  meat  to 
Europe.  New  York  exports  the 
most.  Chicago  and  Kansas  City 
are  the  largest  meat  markets  in 
the  world.  Omaha  is  another  large 
cattle  market.  Cincinnati  is  a 
center  for  pork  packing. 


Why  are  the  prairies  good  lands  for  cat- 
tle? How  are  many  cattle  in  the  South  fatted 
for  market?  What  are  some  of  the  uses  of 
cattle  ?  Of  what  are  your  shoes  made  ?  What 
is  leather?    Name  a  leather  market. 

Name  some  dairy  products.  How  is  but- 
ter made?  Try  to  find  out  how  cheese  is 
made. 

Where  are  the  most  sheep  raised  ?  What 
do  sheep  feed  on?  Of  what  use  are  sheep? 
What  is  mutton  ?  What  is  lamb  ?  Of  what 
use  is  wool?  Where  are  woolen  cloth  and 
yam  made?  Name  a  great  wool  market. 
What  is  said  about  carpets  ? 

Where  are  most  of  the  hogs  raised? 
What  is  pork  ?  —  ham  ?  —  lard  ? 

Where  does  our  country  send  meat  ?  Name 
four  cities  that  prepare  meats  for  market. 


The  girl's  shawl  is  made  of  wool 

Millions  of  deer  and  bisons  used  to 
feed  on  the  prairies.  Indians  made  their 
homes  there  and  hunted  the  wild  ani- 
mals. There  were  few  trees,  but  there 
was  plenty  of  grass. 

Many  years  have  passed.  Most  of 
the  deer  and  bisons  have  been  killed. 
Farms  now  cover  the  rich  prairies. 
Wheat  and  corn  grow  where  the  wild 
grass  waved. 

Helps.  —  Name  some  of  the  useful  ani- 
mals near  your  home.    Of  what  use  are  they? 

Where  are  the  most  cattle  raised  ?  Why 
are  some  lands  good  for  cattle  but  not  for 
raising  grain  ? 


62 


COAL  AND  OIL 


51.   Coal  and  oil 

Coal  is  dug  out  of  the  ground. 
It  is  burned  to  warm  houses  and 
to  make  steam  in  engines. 

Coal  is  found  in  layers  of  rocks.  It 
is  made  of  plants  that  grew  long  ages 
ago.  In  some  places  the  coal  is  near  the 
surface.  In  other  places  deep  mines  are 
dug  to  reach  it. 

Most  of  the  coal  plants  were  large 
ferns  and  mosses.  They  grew  in  very 
wet  lands  or  swamps. 

For  many  years  the  plants  grew  and 
died  in  the  water.  They  made  beds  of 
dead  plants.  At  times  rivers  buried 
these  beds  under  mud  or  sand. 

Then  perhaps  more  plants  grew  on 
the  mud.  As  they  died  they  made 
another  bed  of  plants.  More  mud  or 
sand  came  down  the  rivers  and  buried 
them. 

After  long  ages  the  clay  and  sand 
turned  to  stone.    The  beds  of  plants  slowly  grew  hard 
and  made  coal. 

Some  of  the  beds  of  rock  and  coal  have  been  bent 
and  lifted  to  form  hills  and  mountains.  Many  coal 
mines  are  in  the  ranges  of  the  Eastern  highland. 

The  ranges  of  the  Western  highland  also  have 
great  beds  of  coal.  The  mines  near  the  large  cities 
can  sell  coal  cheapest.    Why  ? 

Some  of  the  best  coal  mines  are  deep  down  under 
the  prairies.    Soft  coal  comes  from  them. 

Some  coal  beds  are  only  a  few  inches  thick.    Others 


Coal  ferns 


This  building  is  a  coal  breaker.  The  coal  is  sorted  to  sizes 
and  loaded  on  cars.  The  boys  above  are  picking  slate 
out  of  the  coal  as  it  runs  down  the  chutes 


are  many  feet  thick.  The  forms  of  ferns  and  mosses 
are  still  seen  in  coal.  This  picture  shows  some  of  the 
old  ferns  that  made  coal. 

In  some  places  the  buried  plants  have  made  oil  and 
gas.  They  fill  the  little  holes  in  rocks.  Pipes  are  sunk 
into  the  rocks  to  reach  them.  This  oil  is  petroleum. 
The  word  means  rock  oil.  Kerosene  and  vaseline  are 
made  from  it. 

From  some  of  the  pipes  the  oil  must  be  pumped. 
From  others  it  flows  without  pumping. 
The  gas  and  oil  are  used  for  fuel 
and  Ught.  Pittsburg  is  in  the  gas  and 
oil  district.  Cleveland  has  great  works 
for  refining  oil. 

Helps. — Where  does  coal  come  from? 
Of  what  use  is  it? 

Tell  all  you  can  about  how  coal  is  formed. 

If  coal  was  formed  in  low  wet  places,  how 
can  we  now  find  coal  in  mountains?  What 
two  highlands  have  many  coal  mines  ?  W  hat 
other  part  of  our  country  has  good  coal 
mines  ? 

What  else  have  buried  plants  made  in  the 
ground  ?  How  do  men  get  the  oil  and  gas 
from  the  groimd  ?  Of  what  use  is  the  gas  ? 
What  is  made  from  petroleum  ?  What  does 
this  word  mean  ? 


USEFUL  METALS 


63 


52.   Useful  metals 

Iron,  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead  and  the  like 
are  metals.  They  are  found  in  rocks.  A  rock 
from  which  a  metal  is  taken  is  called  an  ore. 
Iron  comes  from  iron  ore. 

Iron  is  the  most  useful  of  all  metals.  Steel 
is  a  very  hard  form  of  iron. 

The  richest  iron  mines  in  the  world  are 
near  lake  Superior.  There 
are  also  rich  iron  mines  in 
many  parts  of  the  Eastern 
highland.      The    United 
States  makes  more 
iron    articles    than 
any  other  country. 

Pittsburg  is  the 
greatest  center  of 
iron  manufacture 
in  the  country. 

Philadelphia  takes 
high  rank  in  mak- 
ing iron  ships  and 
engines. 

Birmingham  is 
the  iron  city  of  the 
South. 

With  so  much 
iron  near  lake  Supe- 
rior, and  with  plenty  a  smeltery 


of  coal  within  easy  reach,  all  the 
large  lake  ports  have  built  great 
iron  mills.  Chicago  ranks  next  to 
Pittsburg.  Detroit  leads  in  making 
stoves.  Cleveland  builds  iron  ships. 
Coal  is  used  in  melting  iron  from 
rocks.  Many  of  the  coal  and  iron 
mines  are  near  each  other. 

Gold  and  silver  are  found  in 
the  Western  highland.  The  Rocky 
mountains  are  very  rich  in  both. 
Denver  sells  supplies  to  miners. 

The  southern  end  of  the  Eastern 
highland  yields  some  gold.  Alaska 
also  has  rich  gold  mines. 
This  country  has  the  richest  copper  mines 

in  the  world.  The  best  mines  are  in  the  Rocky 

mountains,  at  Butte,  and  near  lake  Superior. 

One  of  the  chief  uses  of  copper  is  to  make 

telephone  and  telegraph  wires. 

Helps. ^ What  iron  goods  have  you  seen  in  stores? 
Name  some  of  the  uses  of  iron  on  railroads.  What  are  some 
of  the  uses  of  gold  ?    Name  some  articles  made  of  silver. 

What  is  an  ore?   Where  does 
iron  ore  come  from?  What  is  steel? 


Where  are  the  richest  iron 
mines?  In  what  other  part 
of  our  country  are  there 
iron  mines  ?  Which  coun- 
try leads  in  making  iron 
articles?  Name  some  of 
the  cities  that  have  great 
iron  mills.  What  is  said 
about  each? 

,  Where  is  gold  foimd  ? 
See  map  on  page  64.  Where 
is  silver  found  ?  Where  are 
the  richest  copper  mines  ? 


64 


OTHEK  PEODUCTS 


53.   Other  products 

Every  state  raises  fruits.  Apples  and  pears 
grow  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  country. 
Peaches  and  grapes  also  are  widely  grown. 
Oranges  grow  in  some  of  the  warmer  parts. 
Los  Angeles  and  Jacksonville  ship  oranges. 

The  common  vegetables  also  grow  in  all  the 
states.  Sweet  potatoes  grow  in  the  warmer 
half  of  the  country. 

Some  states  raise  early  fruits  and  vegetables  for 
market.  This  work  is  market  or  truck  gardening. 
Early  products  bring  a  liigli  price.  The  large  cities 
buy  most  of  them. 

The  states  of  the  South  send  early  fruits 
and  vegetables  north. 

Tobacco  is  a  leading  crop  in  some 
states.  Louisville  is  the  greatest  to- 
bacco market  in  the  world.  Rich- 
mond and  St.  Louis  also  take  high 
rank  for  tobacco  goods. 

Rice  is  one  of  the  most  useful 
grains.  It  grows  in  wet  lands  in  the 
South.  The  largest  rice  fields  are 
in  the  low  land  of  the  delta  of  the 
Mississippi  river.  South  Carolina 
also  is  noted  for  rice.  New  Orleans 
and  Savannah  are  rice  markets. 

Part  of  our  food  is  taken  from 
the  sea.     Oysters  are  found  on  the 


bottoms  of  many  bays  on  the  Atr 
lantic  coast.  Most  of  them  come 
from  Chesapeake  bay.  The  city  of 
Baltimore  is  near  this  bay  and  han- 
dles more  oysters  than  any  other 
city  in  the  world. 

Many  mackerel  are  caught  along 
the  same  coast.  Codfish  and  had- 
dock abound  on  the  banks  or  shoal 
places  near  the  northeastern  shore 
of  the  continent.  Gloucester  is  a 
noted  fishing  port. 

Salmon  are  caught  in  rivers 
and  bays.  The  Great  Lakes  sup- 
ply many  food  fish. 

Good  stone  for  building  houses 
is  found  in  most  states.  Granite  and  marble 
are  very  hard  building  stones.  Limestone  and 
sandstone  are  more  easily  cut  into  shape. 

Helps.  —  Name  some  of  the  fruits  that  grow  near  your 
home.    Do  you  know  where  the  oranges  you  eat  come  from? 

Name  ten  vegetables.  Wliat  is  truck  gardening?  Why 
can  the  South  ship  early  fruits  and  vegetables  ? 

Name  three  grains.  Where  does  rice  grow?  Where  are 
the  largest  rice  fields  ?    Name  two  rice  markets. 

Where  do  oysters  grow  ?  What  bay  is  noted  for  oysters? 
Where  is  Baltimore ?  What  is  said  about  it?  Name  some 
salt-water  fish.    Where  are  salmon  caught? 

What  kinds  of  building  stone  have  you  seen?  What 
does  the  text  say  about  building  stone? 


Picking  oranges 


EOUTES  OF  TEADE 


65 


54.  Routes  of  trade 

Lakes,  rivers,  railroads  and  oceans  are  the 
chief  highways  of  trade.  Much  has  been  done 
to  improve  them.  Rocks  have  been  taken  out 
of  rivers  and  harbors,  and  sand  bars  have  been 
dug  or  dredged  away.  Lighthouses  have  been 
built  to  guide  ships  on  their  way.  Canals  have 
been  made 
round  the 
rapids  and 
the  falls, 
as  well  as 
from  river 
to  river, 
from  lake 
to  lake  or 
river,  and 
sea  to  sea. 

It  is  far  cheaper  to  carry  goods  by  water 
than  by  land.  On  the  sea  there  are  no  costly 
roads  nor  tracks  to  build  and  keep  in  repair. 

A  deep  river  flowing  past  a  city  helps  to 
keep  freight  charges  low.  If  the  railroads  try 
to  charge  high  prices,  the  freight  can  be  sent 
by  boat.    This  is  a  slower  but  cheaper  way. 

Every  producing  region  needs  one  or  more 
shipping  points.  These  become  centers  of 
trade.  They  should  be  within  easy  reach  of 
all  parts  of  the  region,  and  should  connect  by 
rail,  water  or  other  route  with  the  markets. 

Railroads  cross  the  United  States  by  half  a 
dozen  routes  from  ocean  to  ocean.  They  run 
along  the  coasts.  They  wind  along  the  great 
rivers.    They  cross  great  plateaus. 

Years  ago  the  rivers  were  the  chief  highways 
of  inland  trade,  but  now  railroads  have  taken 
first  place.  To-day  cities  and  towns  are  dotted 
along  the  lines  where  freight  trains  gather  up 
the  products  of  farm,  forest,  mine  and  workshop. 

Among  the  great  inland  railroad  centers 
are  Chicago,  Kansas  City,  St.  Louis,  Indianap- 
olis, Buffalo,  Albany,  Pittsburg,  Minneapolis, 
St.  Paul,  Atlanta  and  Denver.  But  nearly  all 
the  large  cities  are  railroad  centers.  Of  course 
many  railroads  run  to  the  ports. 


Canals  are  very  useful  in  carrying  slow 
freight  that  will  not  decay  or  spoil.  Lumber 
and  coal  are  often  seen  in  boats  on  canals. 

The  Erie  canal  {see  lesson  4^)  is  the  most 
noted  in  this  country.  Before  it  was  dug 
Boston  was  the  chief  seaport.  The  canal  turned 
trade  down  the  Hudson  river,  and  New  York  has 


since 

grown 

to  be  the 

second 

largest 

city  in 

the  world.    Only  London,  in  England,  is  larger. 

New  York  contains  over  4,000,000  people. 

Helps.  —  Name  three  highways  of  trade.  Tell  how  some 
of  them  have  been  made  better.  Which  is  the  cheaper, 
freight  by  land  or  by  water  ?    Why  ? 

How  can  lakes  and  rivers  help  to  keep  railroad  rates 
lower?  Where  should  centers  of  trade  be  built?  Why  do 
towns  grow  up  near  railroads  and  rivers? 

Name  and  locate  some  of  the  inland  railroad  centers 
of  our' country.  Why  do  railroads  run  to  large  ports?  Name 
some  of  the  large  seaports  you  have  read  about. 

What  kind  of  freight  cannot  be  carried  far  on  canals? 


66 


ALASKA  AND  HAWAII 


55.   Alaska 

Alaska  belongs  to  the  United  States.  This 
land  is  in  the  far  north.  Part  of  it  is  in  the 
frigid  zone.  The  winters  are  very  long  and 
cold.    The  southern  coast  is  the  warmest  part. 


Inside  an  Eskimo  hut.    What  toy  does  the  boy  wish  ? 

The  river  Yukon  flows  southwest  across 
Alaska.  This  is  a  very  large  river.  High 
mountains  rise  along  the  south  coast.  Alaska 
has  forests,  but  is  too  cold  for  grains. 

Many  seals  are  killed  on  islands  in  Bering 
sea.  Furs  are  made  from  their  skins.  The 
waters  of  Alaska  have  many  fish. 

Gold  is  found  in  the  Yukon  valley  and  near 
the  south  coast.    The  famous  Klon- 
dike gold  region  is  east  of  Alaska, 
in  Canada. 

Juneau,  the  capital,  is  near 
the  southeast  coast.  Sitka  is 
on  one  of  the  southeast  islands. 

The  first  settlers  in  Alaska 
were  Indians  and  Eskimos. 
Then  white  men  went  there  for 
fish  and  furs.  After  a  time 
gold  was  found.  Many  white 
people  then  went  north  to  the 


Native  girls  of  Hawaii 


mines.  Now  there  are  about  as  many  white 
people  as  Indians  and  Eskimos.  The  num- 
ber of  white  people  is  growing,  but  is  not 
yet  very  large. 

Helps.  —  Where  is  Alaska?  To  what  country  does  it 
belong?  Where  is  Bering  sea?  What  strait  separates 
Alaska  from  Asia  ?    Where  are  the  Aleutian  islands  ? 

In  what  two  zones  is  Alaska?  Which  is  the  warmest 
part?  What  great  river  flows  across  Alaska?  In  which 
part  are  there  high  mountains  ? 

Name  some  products  of  Alaska.  In  which  parts  of 
Alaska  is  gold  found  ?  Name  two  towns  in  Alaska.  Which 
is  the  capital  ?  What  is  said  about  the  people  in  this  cold 
land  ? 

56.    Hawaii 

Hawaii  is  the  name  of  a  group  of  islands. 
They  are  far  out  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  in  the 
torrid  zone.  Hawaii  is  also  the  name  of  the 
largest  island  in  the  group. 

The  islands  of  Hawaii  belong  to  the  United 
States. 

These  is- 
lands have  no 
cold  winter, 
but  some  parts 
of  the  year  are 
cooler  than 
others.  There 
is  plenty  of 
rain,  and  most 
of  the  year  the  tropical  air  is  warm  or  hot. 
The  islands  of  Hawaii  were  made  by  vol- 
canoes. They  rise  out  of  a  very  deep  part  of 
the  ocean.  Some  of  the  volcanoes 
are  active  and  send  out  hot  lava, 
steam  and  mud. 

Most  of  the  surface  of  the 
islands  is  rous;h.  There  are 
many  peaks  and  old  beds  of 
lava.  But  there  are  also  wide 
valleys  with  very  rich  soil. 

Sugar,  rice  and  coffee  are 
leading  products  in  these 
islands.  There  are  bananas, 
oranges  and  other  fruits. 


A 

^^/' 

HO 

fi^Kh 

K 

1  ifet-'Wiitt 

^ 

^^.^A 

Native  hut  in  Hawaii 


ALASKA  AND   HAWAII 


67 


The  native  people  of  Hawaii  belong  to  the 
brown  race.    There  are  now  more  yel- 
low people  than  brown  people 
p"^<!w^      in  the  islands.    The  yellow 
"^  ^,^^T^*^^^*^     people  are  from  Japan 
^^l^o  *e°'^'^'^^^4»^    and  China.    The 
•iift.t.:?i^«^i>:^r'\!rf^     ^    ^'^    number    of 

white  people 
is  not  large. 


Honolulu  is  the  chief   city.      It  is  on  a  deep  Helps. -Where  is  Hawaii?    in  what  zone?    To  what 

,       ,            mi  •       •,      1                 111        Oi  country  do  these  islands  belong? 

harbor.    1  his  city  has  good  schools,    bteamers  „  ■'         ^,      .,     ,       a\\%ix.  ^-      a  v    4-*i,      -i-j 

JO  How  were  these  islands  made?  What  18  said  about  the  soiW 

carry  sugar  and  other  products  from  Honolulu  ^ame  the  chief  products  of  Hawaii.  What  is  said  about 

to  San  Francisco.     Where  is  this  seaport  ?  Honolulu?    Tell  what  you  can  about  the  people. 


68 


CANADA 


Relief  map  of  Canada  and  the  northern  part  of  the  United  States 


CANADA,  MEXICO,  WEST  INDIES 


57.   Canada 

Map  studies.  —  Name  the  oceans  around  Canada.  What 
country  is  south  of  it?  Where  is  Baffin  bay? — Hudson 
strait? 

What  large  bay  enters  the  north  coast?  Name  a  gulf 
on  the  east.     Name  a  large  river  flowing  into  this  gulf. 

Where  is  lake  Winnipeg?  Name  a  large  river  flowing 
into  it.    Locate  Great  Slave  lake  and  Great  Bear  lake. 

What  does  the  relief  map  above  show  about  the 
surface  and  coast  of  Canada  ?  Into  what  ocean  does 
the  Mackenzie  river  flow?  A  group  of  islands  is  an 
archipelago ;  the  cold  islands  north  of  Canada  are  often 
called  the  Arctic  archipelago. 

Canada  is  almost  as  large  as  the  United 
States.  Their  surfaces  are  alike  in  many 
ways.  The  Western  highland  and  Central 
plain  extend  across  both.  Each  has  a  low 
Eastern  highland  and  Atlantic  slope. 

The  two  countries  differ  in  many  ways. 
Canada  is  in  the  cold  half  of  the  temperate 


zone.  The  United  States  is  in  the  warm  half 
of  the  same  zone.  The  rivers  of  the  Central 
plain  of  Canada  flow  into  cold  seas  of  the  far 
north.    The  Mississippi  river,  wide  and  deep. 


flows  to  the  warm 


gulf  of  Mexico. 


steamer  going  down  rapids  in  the  St.  Lawrence  river 


CANADA 


69 


ViO  110  100  90  SO  70 


110  Longitude  100 


80  Grpenwich  70 


Most  of  the  coast  of  Canada  is  cold  and 
barren.    The  United  States  has  many  ports. 

A  large  part  of  the  Central  plain  in  our 
country  is  fertile.  A  smaller  part  of  the  plain 
in  Canada  is  rich  wheat  land.  The  rest  is  too 
cold  for  grain. 

Both  countries  have  gold  mines  in  the 
Western  highland.  Both  have  iron  mines  near 
lake  Superior.  Both  raise  many  cattle.  Both 
have  large  forests  round  the  Great  Lakes. 
The  sea  near  both  yields  many  food  fish. 

Nearly-  all  the  useful  products  of  Canada 
come  from  the  southern  part. 

The  largest  cities  of  Canada  are  on  the 
St.  Lawrence  river  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

Montreal  is  on  the  St.  Lawrence.  This  is 
the  largest  port  in  Canada.  Farther  down  the 
river  is  the  port  of  Quebec.  Steamers  from  the 
ocean  can  go  a  thousand  miles  up  the  St.  Law- 
rence river  to  Montreal.    Ottawa  is  the  capital. 


Halifax,  in  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia, 
is  a  port  of  Canada.  Nova  Scotia  is  a  large 
peninsula.  Victoria,  in  the  province  of  British 
Columbia,  is  the  chief  port  on  the  west  coast. 
It  is  on  Vancouver  island. 

The  island  of  Newfoundland  is  not  a  part 
of  Canada,  but  both  belong  to  Great  Britain. 

Helps.  —  Tell  in  what  ways  Canada  and  the  United 
States  are  alike.    In  what  ways  do  they  differ? 

Which  of  these  two  countries  has  the  colder  seasons? 
Which  part  of  Canada  is  very  cold?  What  is  said  about 
the  coasts  of  the  two  countries  ?  Name  some  of  the  prod- 
ucts of  Canada.  From  which  part  of  Canada  do  nearly 
all  the  products  come  ? 

In  what  part  of  Canada  are  the  largest  cities?  Name 
two  ports  on  the  St.  Lawrence  river. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Canada  ?  In  many  ways  a  prov- 
ince is  like  a  state.  In  what  province  is  Halifax?  Name 
a  province  and  city  of  Canada  on  the  west  coast.  Where  is 
Vancouver  island  ? 

Where  is  the  island  of  Newfoundland  ?  To  what  country 
in  Europe  do  Canada  and  Newfoundland  belong  ? 


70 


MEXICO  AND  CENTRAL  AMERICA 


Relief  map  of  Mexico  and  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States 


58,   Mexico  and  Central  America  Many  of  the  Indians  till  the  soil,  tend  cattle, 

Mexico  is  south  of  our  country.    It  is  mostly     work  in  mines,  live  in  good  houses  and  go  to 
in  the  Western  highland.    A  large  part  of  it     school,  just   as  the  white   people   there   do. 
is  a  high  plateau.    There  are  low  plains  along     Most  of  the  people  live  on  the  plateau, 
the  coasts,  but  they  are  very  narrow.  The  city  of  Mexico  is  the  capital  of  the 

Part  of  Mexico  is  in  the  torrid  zone.  The  country.  Railroads  connect  it  with  cities  in 
other  part  is  in  the  temperate  zone.  The  sum-  the  United  States.  The  city  of  Mexico  is  in 
mers  on  the  plateau  are  not  very  hot.  The  a  beautiful  valley,  nearly  a  mile  and  a  half 
winters  are  cool  but 
not  cold.  The  low- 
lands are  hot  and 
damp. 

On  the  plateau 
there  is  good  farm- 
ing and  grazing 
land.  The  people 
raise  coffee,  cotton, 
sugar  cane  and  to- 
bacco. Many  cattle 
feed  on  the  grass 
lands. 

Mexico  has  rich 
mines  of  silver. 

Millions  of  In- 
dians and  white  peo- 
ple live  in  Mexico.  One  of  the  poorer  families  of  Mexico  and  their  outdoor  oven 


MEXICO  AND  CENTRAL  AMERICA 


71 


above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Not  far  away  may 
be  seen  high  volcanoes. 

Vera  Cruz  is  the  chief  port  of  Mexico.  It  is 
on  the  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 

Southeast  of  Mexico  there  are  several  small 
countries  known  as  the  republics  of  Central 
America.  They  lie  between  the  Caribbean  sea 
and  the  Pacific  ocean.  There  are  six  of  them, 
as  follows :  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Salvador, 
Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica  and  Panama. 

These  countries  are  in  the  torrid  zone. 
They  have  about  the  same  kinds  of  products 
as  Mexico.  Most  of  the  people  are  Indians,  but 
there  are  some  white  people.  The  white  people 
here  and  in  Mexico  are  of  Spanish  descent. 

The  isthmus  of  Panama  is  in  the  little  re- 
public of  Panama.  This  isthmus  is  the  nar- 
rowest neck  of  land  between  North  and  South 
America.  The  United  States  owns  a  belt  of 
land  across  the  isthmus  and  is  digging  a  canal 
in  which  ships  may  pass  from  ocean  to  ocean. 
There  is  a  railroad  across  the  isthmus. 


It  will  take  several  years  to  dig  this  canal,  and  our 
country  will  pay  many  million  dollars  for  the  work. 
But  the  canal  will  be  useful  to  aU  countries  whose 
ships  carry  the  freight  of  the  world.  It  will  save 
much  time  for  ships  that  carry  goods  and  passengers 
between  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ports. 

Helps.  —  What  country  is  north  of  Mexico  ?  What  ocean 
is  west  of  it  ?  What  gulf  is  on  the  east  ?  —  on  the  west  ? 
Between  what  bodies  of  water  is  the  peninsula  of  Lower 
California? 

What  does  the  relief  map  on  page  70  show  about  the 
surface  of  Mexico? 

In  what  zones  is  Mexico  ?  What  is  said  of  the  seasons 
on  the  plateau  ?    Name  some  products  of  Mexico. 

To  what  two  races  do  nearly  all  the  people  of  Mexico 
belong  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Indians  ?  Where  do  most  of 
the  people  of  this  country  live? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  the  city  of  Mexico.  Name  a 
port  of  Mexico. 

Where  is  Central  America?  How  many  republics  are 
there  in  Central  America?  In  what  zone  are  they?  What 
is  said  of  their  products?  —  of  their  people?  Where  is  the 
Caribbean  sea  ? 

Where  is  the  isthmus  of  Panama  ?  What  is  said  about 
it?  Of  what  use  will  the  Panama  canal  be?  How  must 
ships  now  go  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco? 


72 


WEST   INDIES 


59.   West  Indies 

West  Indies  is  the  name  of  the  group  of 
islands  southeast  of  the  United  States.  Nearly 
all  the  islands  are  in  the  torrid  zone.  Summer 
is  the  rainy  season. 

The  largest  of  these  islands  is  Cuba.  It  is 
the  youngest  republic  in  all  America. 


Monro  Castle ;  entrance  to  Havana  harbor 

Cuba  is  long  and  narrow.  It  is  shaped  like 
an  alligator,  with  the  head  to  the  east.  This 
island  has  mountains  along  its  southeast  coast. 
There  are  also  high  hills  in  many  parts  of  the 
island,  but  there  are  also  large  fertile  plains. 

Cuba   is  in  the   torrid    zone.    It   has    hot 
weather  most  of  the  year,  but  it  has  a  few  cool 
months.    The  island  has 
plenty    of    rainfall.     Most 
of   it  falls   in  the  hottest 
months. 

Cuba  produces  more 
sugar  cane  than  any  other 
country.  Its  tobacco  is  also 
the  best. 

Columbus  discovered  the 
island  of  Cuba  and  called  it  the 
fairest  isle  man  ever  saw.    It  is 
ahnost  one  great  beaiitiful  gar- 
den.   There  are  wide  fields  of  sugar  cane.    There  are 
great  meadows  of  tobacco.    Many  trees  and  plants 
yield  sweet  fruits,  such  as  oranges,  cocoanuts,  bananas 
and  pineapples.    Millions  of  palms  grow  everywhere. 
The  cattle  are  ahnost  hidden  in  the  grass  on  which 
they  feed.    Forests  of  valuable  wood,  such  as  mahog- 
any and  cedar,  abound  in  the  hilly  district. 

Most  of  the  people  of  Cuba  are  white,  but 
there   are  also  many  Negroes.    The  Cubans 


have    good    schools    in    every   town    of    the 
island. 

Havana  is  the  capital  and  largest  city.    It  is 
also  the  chief  port.    The  city  is  noted  for  its 
tobacco  and  cigars.    It  is  a  great  sugar  market. 
Haiti  is  the  island  next  in  size.    It  contains 
the  two  small  countries  of  Saxto  Domingo 
and  Haiti.    The  western 
half  of  the  island  is  settled 
chiefly  by  Negroes.    The 
eastern  half  is  settled  by 
white  people  and  Negroes. 
Porto  Rico  is  still  farther 
east.    It  belongs   to    the 
United  States.    This  island 
is  hilly,  but  has  many  fer- 
tile valleys.    The  chief 
products  are  coffee  in  the 
highlands  and  sugar  in  the  valleys. 

Most  of  the  people  of  Porto  Rico  are  white, 
but  there  are  many  Negroes.  The  white  people 
here,  as  in  Cuba,  are  of  Spanish  descent.  San 
Juan  is  the  chief  city  and  the  capital. 

Helps.  —  Where  are  the  West  Indies  ?  In  what  zone  are 
most  of  the  islands  ?    When  is  the  rainy  season  ? 


Cutting  sugar  cane  in  Porto  Rico 

Name  the  largest  island  of  the  West  Indies.  What  is 
its  shape  ?  Tell  what  you  can  about  its  surface.  In  what 
products  does  it  take  the  lead  ?  Name  some  of  the  fruits 
of  Cuba.  What  is  said  about  the  grass  ?  Name  two  useful 
trees  of  Cuba.  What  is  said  about  the  people  of  Cuba? 
Tell  what  you  can  about  Havana. 

Where  is  Haiti?    What  is  said  about  it? 

What  large  island  lies  east  of  Haiti?  To  what  country 
does  Porto  Rico  belong  ?    Name  two  products  of  this  island. 

What  people  live  in  Porto  Rico  ?    What  is  its  chief  city  ? 


§     Fuchau® 


Q 


74 


WHY  CITIES  GEOW 


60.   Why  cities  grow 

Inland  cities.  First  let  us  see  what  raw 
material  there  is  for  one  class  of  cities  to 
handle  or  to  use.  We  will  take  the  prairie 
cities.  They  have  the  com  and  wheat;  the 
beef,  pork  and  mutton ;  the  hides,  skins  and 
wool ;  the  hard  wood  and  the  soft  wood ;  the 
iron  and  copper  that  is  brought  down  from 
the  lake. Superior  region;  the  soft  coal  under 
the  prairies. 

Next  let  us  see  what  the  people  of  the 
prairie  region  need.  They  must  have  great 
mills  for  making  flour;  barrels  in  which  to 
ship  the  flour ;  packing  houses  for  dressing 
and  curing  meats ;  engines,  cars  and  rails  for 
freighting  products ;  iron  or  wooden  ships  for 
the  lake  trade ;  steamboats  for  river  traffic ; 
lumber  for  their  houses ;  wagons  and  all  sorts 
of  farm  tools ;  tables,  chairs  and  other  kinds 
of  furniture ;  clothing,  books  and  all  the  arti- 
cles that  give  comfort  in  the  home. 

But  the  people  use  only  a  small  part  of  the 
raw  material  at  home.  They  ship  away  grain, 
meats,  lumber,  iron,  copper  and  many  other 
things. 

Now  tell  all  you  can  about  the  kinds  of 
work  people  must  do  to  produce  all  this  raw 
material,  prepare  it  for  market  and  ship  it 
away.  Make  a  long  list  of  the  occupations 
of  the  people  on  the  farms,  and  also  in  the 
cities. 

Here  are  some  of  the  great  cities  that  handle 
prairie  products.  Locate  them  by  states,  and 
also  by  lakes  or  rivers :  Chicago,  St.  Louis, 
Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Detroit,  Milwaukee,  Min- 
neapolis, St.  Paul,  Duluth,  Indianapolis,  E[ansas 
City,  Toledo,  Columbus,  St.  Joseph,  Omaha, 
Buffalo. 

This  list  names  some  of  the  cities  that  have 
grown  far  inland.  Other  great  cities  have 
been  built  in  the  Southern  plain,  where  they 
must  handle  cotton,  sugar  cane,  rice,  lumber, 
rosin  and  many  other  things.  Still  others  owe 
their  growth  to  mines,  to  cattle  ranches  or  to 
swift  rivers  that  help  to  run  cloth  mills. 


Seaports.  Next  let  us  look  at  great  seaports 
that  trade  with  foreign  lands.  New  York  is  a 
good  example. 

New  York  has  a  large  and  deep  harbor. 
Long  ago  this  harbor  was  made  an  outlet  for 
much  of  the  trade  of  the  rich  districts  round 
the  Great  Lakes. 

A  long  canal  was  dug  from  Buffalo,  on 
lake  Erie,  to  connect  with  the  Hudson  river. 
Boats  could  thus  reach  New  York  harbor. 
Later  long  railroads  were  built  from  this  har- 
bor to  the  prairies  and  to  nearly  all  other 
parts  of  our  country.  New  York  then  grew 
to  be  the  second  city  in  size  in  the  world. 

On  the  wharves  or  docks  of  New  York  may 
be  seen  products  from  nearly  every  part  of  the 
country,  even  from  far-off  California,  ready  to 
be  placed  on  ships  going  to  Europe  or  other 
lands.  And  there  are  also  goods  from  other 
countries  ready  to  be  sent  all  over  the  United 
States. 

A  city  to  which  so  many  kinds  of  products 
are  sent  is  a  good  place  for  mills  and  work- 
shops. New  York  has  grown  to  be  the  lead- 
ing center  of  manufacture  in  the  New  World. 

This  covmtry  has  many  other  seaports,  but 
none  so  large  as  New  York.  Here  is  a  list  of 
the  largest.  Locate  them  by  states  and  also 
by  telling  what  river,  bay  or  ocean  each  is 
near :  Philadelphia,  Boston,  Baltimore,  San 
Francisco,  New  Orleans,  Jersey  City,  Provi- 
dence, Norfolk,  Charleston,  Savannah,  Mobile, 
Galveston. 

Try  to  recall  something  you  have  learned 
about  some  of  these  cities. 


Helps. —  What  is  a  seaport?  —  an  inland  city? 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  products  of  the  states  in  the 
prairies  and  around  the  Great  Lakes.  Can  you  think  of 
some  things  the  people  of  the  prairies  need  but  do  not 
raise  ? 

Give  as  many  reasons  as  you  can  for  the  growth  of  the 
great  inland  city  of  Chicago. 

Give  some  reasons  why  a  great  seaporl  should  grow  up 
by  New  York  bay.  Name  some  of  the  things  that  ships 
carry  away  from  New  York.  What  kinds  of  goods  do  ships 
bring  from  foreign  lands  to  this  country? 


SOUTH   AMERICA 


61,   Surface  of  South  America 

The  isthmus  of  Panama  joins  the  two  conti- 
nents of  America.  They  are  alike  in  many 
ways.  Both  have  great  high 
lands  in  the  west. 
Wide  plains  lie  east 
of  these  highlands. 
Still  farther  east  are 
smaller  highlands. 
Both  continents 
have  the  shape  of 
the  letter  V.  Both 
have  the  same  oceans 
on  the  east  and  the 
west.  The  longest 
rivers  in  each  flow 
into  the  Atlantic 
ocean  or  its  arms. 

The  Andes  high- 
land rises  along  the 


Scene  on  the  Amazon 


Pacific  coast.  It  is  higher  than  the  Western 
highland  of  North  America,  but  not  so  wide. 
The  Andes  highland  consists  of  a  long  and 
high  plateau,  above  which 
rise  huge  ranges. 

The    highland  of 

Brazil  is  in  the  east. 

It  is  not  nearly  so 

high  as  the  Andes, 

but  is  wider. 

There  is  also 

the   smaller 

highland  of 

Guiana  near 

the    northern 

coast. 

Three  great 
rivers  drain 
the  Central 
plain. 


76 


RELIEF  MAP  OF   SOUTH  AUERICA 


r 


SOUTH  AMEEICA 


77 


The  Amazon  flows  in  the  largest  river  valley 
in  the  world.  It  is  twice  as  large  as  the  valley 
of  the  Mississippi,  but  the  Amazon  river  is  not 
so  long  as  the  great  river  of  our  country. 

Part  of  the  Amazon  valley  is  called  the  sel- 
vas.  The  word  means  "  forests."  This  valley  is 
in  the  rainy  torrid  zone,  and  the  river  carries 
more  water  than  any  other  river  to  the  ocean. 

Large  areas  in  the  Plata  valley  are  like  our 
prairies,  but  are  called  pampas.  The  word 
means  "  grassy  plains." 

The  plains  along  the  Orinoco  river  are  also 
grassy.  They  are  called  the  llanos.  The  word 
means  "plains." 

Helps. — ^  Compare  the  surfaces   of   North   and   South 
America.    Where  is  the  Andes  highland?    How  does  it 
compare  with  our  Western  highland  ?    What  does  the  relief 
map  show  you  about  the  Andes  highland?  —  the 
highland  of  Brazil?  —  the  highland  of  Guiana? 

What  three  great  rivers  drain  the  Central  plain? 
What  are  the  selvas  ?  What  is  said  about  the 
Amazon  ?  What  does  the  word  "  pampas  "  mean? 
Where  are  the  pampas  ?  What  river  flows  across 
the  llanos  ?   Where  are  these  plains  ? 

Study  the  relief  map  and  tell  all  you  can  about 
the  surface  and  the  coast  of  South  America, 


62,    Map  studies 

Which  ocean  is  west  of  South  America? 
Which  is  east  ?  Along  which  coast  is  the 
Andes  highland  ? 

Which  part  of  the  Andes  highland  looks 
widest  on  the  map?  On  which  side  of  this 
highland  are  there  no  long  rivers  ?  Where  is 
cape  Horn?  — the  strait  of  Magellan? 

What  highland  is  in  the  eastern  part  of 
South  America?  Which  highland  looks  the 
highest  ?    Which  looks  the  widest  ? 

Name  a  large  river  flowing  eastward  near 
the  equator.  On  which  side  of  this  river  is  the 
highland  of  Brazil  ?  In  what  great  highland 
does  the  Amazon  rise  ?  Its  largest  branch  is 
the  Madeira;  where  does  it  rise?  Where 
ig  the  Plata  river?  To  which  ocean  does  it 
flow?    Where  is  the  Orinoco  river? 

In  which  zone  is  the  greater  part  of  South 
America  ?  In  which  zone  do  we  live  ?  "What 
are  the  seasons  of  the  torrid  zone  ?  —  of  the 
temperate  zones  ? 


78 


CLLMATK   AND   I'LAXTS 


63.    Climate 

The  equator  crosses  the  valley  of  the 
Amazon.  See  globe  map  on  page  77.  This 
valley  is  wholly  in  the  torrid  zone  and  is  hot 
or  warm  all  the  year.  There  is  a  dry  season 
and  a  wet  season.    Each  lasts  half  the  year. 

The  plains  near  the 
Orinoco  river  are  in  the 
same  zone.  Half  the  year 
they  have  heavy  rains. 
The  other  six  months 
they  are  dry. 

In  this  zone  the  air 
becomes  moist  and  light. 
It  then  floats  up  to  where 
the  air  is  cold.  The  vapor 
cools  and  falls  back  as  rain. 
The  rains  fall  mostly  in  the 
hottest  months. 

During  the  wet  months  the' 
rain  falls  almost  eveiy  day.    The 
rivers  then  spread  over  the    plains  for 
miles.    Grass  springs  up  and  the  cattle 
find  plenty  of  food. 

Half  the  year  passes  and  the  rains  stop. 
The  dry  months  come  and  the  rivers  be- 
come smaller.  Some  even  dry  up.  The 
grass  dies.  The  cattle  are  driven  to  the 
mountains.  The  plains  of  the  Orinoco 
are  then  like  a  desert. 

Most  of  the  rains  of  the  torrid 
zone  in  this  continent  come  from 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  Central  plain  have 
plenty  of  rain.  The  same  winds 
carry  heavy  rains  to  the  east  slope 
of  the  Andes,  where  the  great 
rivers  rise. 

Very  little  rain  falls  on  the  west  side  of  the  middle 
Andes.  For  a  tliousand  miles  there  is  a  region  known 
as  the  rainless  roast.  The  winds  from  the  east  give 
their  rain  to  the  east  slope  of  the  middle  Andes  and 
thus  feed  the  countless  sources  of  the  Amazon. 

After  passing  tlie  high  ranges  the  wind  is  dry  and 
thus  we  find  the  long  rainless  region,  of  wliich  the 
desei-t  of  Atacama  is  a  ])art.  See  j'Cff'^  *■*•  In  places 
the  surface  of  this  desert  is  covered  with  useful  salts. 
One  kind  is  used  in  making  gunpowder. 


Both  north  and  soutli  of  the  rainless  coast  the 
winds  often  blow  from  over  the  Pacific,  and  the  west 
slopes  have  rainfall. 

The  plains  near  the  Plata  river  are  in  the 
temperate  zone.  They  have  long  hot  summers 
and  very  cool  winters.  The  southern  end  of 
this  continent  is  very  cold  and  storm}-. 

All  the  year,  even   in  the  torrid  zone,  the 
highest  peaks  of  the  Andes  have  snow  on 
their  tops.   Outside  of  this  zone  the  snow 
line  is  fai-  below  the  high  summits. 

„,     .  ,  There  are 

Plant  map  of  i  ■   ,       , 

South  America      ^''^^  plateaus 
and  valleys 
among  the   ranges 
of  the  Andes. 
Some  are  grassy 
and  support 
many    cattle. 
The  high  pla- 
teaus are  cool  nearly 
all  the  year. 


Helps.  —  W  here   does 
the  equator  cross  this  coii- 
'^       tinent?     Name   two   river 
valleys  in  the  ton-id  zone. 
Why  are  the  rains  so  lieavy  iu  the 
torrid  zone?    A\'hat  is  said  about  the 
rains  in  the  Orinoco  valley  ? 
From  which  side  do  most  of  the  rains  of  the 
torrid  zone  reach  this  continent  ?    How  much  of 
the  continent  is  in  the  torrid  zone  ?    What  can  you 
tell  about  the  rainless  coast? 
What  is  said  about  the   seasons  in  the  Plata  valley? 
What  is  said  about  the  southern  end  of  the  continent? 
Which  parts  of  the  torrid  zone  are  very  cold?    Of  what 
use  are  the  plateaus  and  high  valleys  in  this  zone  ? 

64.    Plants 

The  grass  lands  of  this  continent  feed  mil- 
lions of  cattle,  horses  and  sheep. 

Many  useful  trees  grow  in  the  hot  and 
damp  valley  of  the  Amazon.  Some  yield  rub- 
ber. Dyes  are  made  from  others.  Still  others 
supply  pretty  wood  for  making  tables,  chairs 
and  other  things. 

liublier  is  made  from  the  sap  or  gum  of  trees.  The 
bark  is  cut  and  the  milky  gum  runs  into  cups.  This 
sap  is  heated.    It  dries  and  forms  rubber. 


r 


ANIMALS 


79 


In  some  places  the  outer  bark  of  the  tree  is  taken 
off.  The  sap  then  runs  out  and  hardens  on  the  trunk 
of  the  tree.  This  hard  sap  is  rubber.  Rubber  is  made 
from  the  sap  of  many  kinds  of  trees.  They  grow  in 
nearly  all  hot  and  damp  parts  of  the  earth. 

Two  very  useful  trees  grow  in  the  Andes. 
One  is  cacao.  Chocolate  is  made  from  its  bean 
or  fruit.  Quinine  is  made 
from  the  bark  of 
another  tree.  This  »«^ 
is  a  bitter  powder  but 
a  good  medicine  for  fever, 

The  hilly  districts  of 
Brazil  are  famous  for 
coffee.    Cotton,  coffee 
and  sugar  cane  grow 
in  many  parts  of  the 
continent.     Pepper   and 
other  spices  grow  near  the 
north  coast. 

The  coffee  plant  grows  best  on 
the  sides  of  hiUs.    It  needs  a  great  deal 
of  rain  and  warm  weather. 

The  picture  shows  the  little  berries 
that  look  like  cherries.  When  the  berries 
turn  dark  red  and  begin  to  shrivel,  they 
are  picked  and  put  into  a  machine  that 
takes  out  the  seeds. 

Each  coffee  berry  has  two  seeds  or 
beans.  Before  the  seeds  are  used  they 
are  roasted  and  ground.  Perhaps  you 
have  seen  a  grocer  grinding  coffee. 

The  plain  near  the  Plata  river  is 
like  the  plain  round  the  Great 
Lakes.  It  has  deep  and  rich  soil. 
Being  in  the  temperate  zone  and 
having  plenty  of  rain,  it  yields 
large  crops  of  wheat,  corn  and 
other  grains,  hke  those  of  the  rich  prairies. 

Helps. — In  what  parts  of  a  continent  can  cattle  be  raised  ? 

Why  are  some  of  the  Amazon  trees  useful  ?  Tell  what 
you  can  about  rubber.    Name  some  articles  made  of  rubber. 

Of  what  use  is  the  cacao  tree  ?  Name  one  place  where 
it  grows.    What  is  quinine? 

For  what  are  the  hilly  lands  of  Brazil  famous?  Tell 
what  you  can  about  coffee.  Try  to  get  some  coffee  berries 
to  look  at.  In  what  zone  are  the  pampas?  Name  some 
products  of  this  zone. 


Animal  map  of 
South  America 


65.    Animals 

The  largest  bird  that  flies  Uves  in  the 
Andes.  It  is  the  condor  and  it  can  kill  llamas. 
The  alpaca  and  llama  of  the  Andes  belong 
to  the  camel  family.  Large  flocks  of  alpacas 
supply  the  people  with  wool.  It  is  woven 
into  cloth. 

Llamas  were  at  one  time  used  to  carry  silver 

ore  down  the  slopes  of  the  Andes  to 

the  coast.  Cars  and 

mules  now  carry 

most  of  the  ore. 

Many   wild   animals 

live  in  the  forests 

and  the  grassy 

plains.    There 

are  monkeys 

with  long  tails. 

There  are  boas  or 

snakes   that  wind 

around  animals  and 

crush   them.    There 

are    also    many    birds 

and  insects  pf  bright  colors. 

Tapirs  in   the  selvas   feed  on 

the  leaves  and  tender  branches. 

They  have  long  noses  to  take  hold 

of   branches.    Indians  like  the  meat 

of  tapirs. 

riie  ant-eater  feeds  on  ants.    It  has  long 

claws  to  open  the  nests,  and  a  sticky  tongue 

to  catch  the  ants. 

The  jaguar  is  like  a  very  large  cat.  It  eats 
smaller  animals. 

The  white  men  took  cattle,  horses  and 
sheep  to  this  continent.  Now  they  are  raised 
in  all  the  grass  lands. 

Helps.  —  What  is  said  about  the  condor  ?  Name  two 
small  animals  of  the  camel  family.  Of  what  use  are 
alpacas  ?  How  is  silver  ore  carried  down  the  slopes  of  the 
Andes  ? 

What  is  said  about  monkeys  ?  —  about  snakes  ?  —  about 
tapirs?    Describe  the  ant-eater. 

What  animal  of  the  cat  family  is  found  in  this  continent  ? 
What  are  the  most  useful  animals  of  South  America? 


80 


PEOPLE 


66.   People 

Indians  are  found  all  over  this  continent. 
Millions  live  in  the  selvas  and  the  Andes. 

The  Indians  of  the  selvas  are  mostly  savages.  They 
fish  in  the  rivers  and  hunt  in  the  forests.  The  air  is 
hot  and  they  wear  little  clothing. 

Other  Indians  live  among  the  white  people.  They 
have  farms  and  cattle.  They  build  good  houses  of 
wood  or  stone. 


Indians  ut  southern  Chile 

The  leading  people  in  all  the  countries  of 
South  America  are  white.  The  first  white 
settlers  came  from  Europe  long  ago.  Most  of 
them  came  from  Spain,  but  the  early  settlers 
in  Brazil  came  from  Portugal. 

Many  of  the  white  people  went  into  the 
Andes  highland,  where  the  Indians  were  find- 
ing much  gold.  But  most  of  the  white  people 
settled  near  the  coast,  where  they  could  trade 
with  Europe.    There  they  built  large  cities. 

There  is  fever  in  the  low  lands  of  the  west 
coast.  It  is  carried  by  mosquitoes  that  live  in 
wet  places.  This  is  the  kind  of  fever  that 
quinine  cures.  See  page  79.  Many  towns  are 
built  on  the  dry  mountain  slopes  or  in  the 
high  valleys. 

In  the  middle  Andes  the  white  men  from  Spain 
found  Indians  living  in  large  towns.  They  had  learned 
to  cut  stone  and  to  make  good  houses  and  temples. 
They  had  made  smooth  roads  and  strong  bridges  in 
the  mountains. 

The  white  men  made  slaves  of  the  red  men  and 
sent  them  into  the  mines  to  work. 

These  Indians  were  called  Incas.  Many  live  to-day 
in  the  highlands,  and  they  gather  cacao  from  which 
to  make  the  chocolate  we  drink.    Others  strip  off  the 


bark  from  which  quinine  is  made.  Still  others  work 
in  the  silver  mines,  but  they  are  no  longer  slaves. 

Some  of  the  Inca  towns  were  near  lake  Titicaca, 
over  two  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea^ 

Many  Negroes  were  brought  as  slaves  to  this 
continent.  Now  they  are  free,  and  the  black 
people  are  found  in  nearly  all  places  where 
the  white  men  live.  They  help  in  the  coffee 
groves  and  in  the  fields  of  cotton  and  sugar 
cane.    Many  also  work  in  the  cities. 

All  the  countries  of  South  America  are 
republics  except  the  three  small  Guianas. 
These  belong  to  nations  of  Europe. 

Helps.  —  In  which  part  of  South  America  do  most  of  the 
Indians  live  ?    Tell  what  you  can  about  the  Indians. 

To  what  race  do  the  leading  people  of  South  America 
belong  ?  What  led  some 
of  them  to  the  Andes 
highland?  Where  have 
most  of  the  white  people 
settled  ?  Why  do  people 
build  most  of  their  trad- 
ing cities  near  the  coast 
or  near  lakes  and  rivers? 

Why  have  many  towns 
been  built  in  high  and  dry 
valleys  of  the  Andes  ? 

Tell  all  you  can  about 
the  Incas.  What  is  said 
about  Negroes  in  this 
continent?  Which  parts 
of  South  America  are 
now  held  by  nations  of 
Europe?  What  form  of 
government  have  aU  the 
other  countries  of  this 
continent  ? 

67.   Countries  of  the 
Andes 

Colombia  is  at 
the  northern  end  of 
the  Andes.  It  is  a 
rugged  country  and 

has  poor  roads.  The  Magdalena  river  is  the 
best  highway  of  trade.  Colombia  is  one  of 
the  coffee  countries.  Like  aU  the  other  coun- 
tries of  the  Andes,  it  has  mines  of  gold  and 
silver. 


street  in  Buenos  Aires 


COUNTRIES  OF  THE  ANDES 


81 


yield  cacao  and  quinine  bark.    Many  alpacas  and  sheep  graze 
on  the  sides  of  the  ranges  and  on  the  high  plateaus. 

Lima  is  the  chief  city  of  Peru.    It  is  in  the  highland.    Callao 
is  its  port  for  shipping  products. 

Lake  Titicaca  lies  between  Peru  and  Bolivia.    This  is  one  of 

the  highest  lakes  in  the  world.  The 
Indians  on  its  shores  make  boats  out 
of  rolls  of  straw.  There  are  steamers 
on  the  lake. 

This  lake  has  a  small  outlet,  but 
it  is  not  large  enough  to  keep  the 
water  fresh.  The  water  is  brackish 
or  a  little  saltish. 

Bolivia  is  in  the  widest  part  of 
the  Andes  highlatid.  It  has  very  rich 
silver  mines.  This  country  also 
has  many  alpacas  and  sheep 
grazing  in  the  high  cool  valleys. 
Rubber  trees  grow  in  the  forests. 
La  Paz  is  the  largest  city. 
Sucre  is  the  capital.  They  are 
on  the  high  plateau. 


Bogota  is  the  capital  and 
chief  city.  It  is  high  in  the 
Andes,  where  the  people 
are  safe  from  the  fevers  of 
the  low  coast  lands. 

Ecuador  is  in  the  Andes, 
west  of  the  Amazon  valley. 
The  equator  crosses  it  and 
gives  it  its  name.  This 
country  raises  many  cacao  trees,  and 
its  people  sell  the  cacao  beans. 

Quito  is  the  largest  city.  It  is  in 
a  valley  nearly  two  miles  above  sea 
level.  There  are  many  volcanoes 
and  snow-capped  mountains  near 
this  city.  Earthquakes  are  common 
in  the  Andes,  and  most  of  the  houses 
in  Quito  and  other  cities  are  built 
low,  so  as  not  to  be  shaken  down. 

Peru  was  the  home  of  the  ancient  Incas. 
This  country  has  rich  silver  mines.    Its  forests 


Helps.  —  Name  some  wild  animals 
of  the  Andes.  See  lesson  65.  Name  two 
metals  found  in  all  the  countries  of  the 
Andes.  What  have  you  learned  about 
the  isthmus  of  Panama? 

What  coimtry  is  at  the  northern  end 
of  the  Andes  ?  For  whom  was  this  coun- 
try named?    What  are  some  of  the 
products  of  Colombia? 

What  small  country  of  the  Andes 
is  crossed  by  the  equator?  Name  a 
product  of  Ecuador.  What  and  where 
is  its  largest  city  ?  What  is  said 
about  it  ? 

Why  is  the  highland  the  best 
place  for  a  capital?  Why  is  it  not 
the  best  place  for  a  trading  city? 

Where  is  Peru?  Name  some  of 
its  products.  What  animals  of  this 
country  supply  wool  ?  Where  is  the 
capital  of  Peru?  Name  its  seaport. 
Where  is  lake  Titicaca?  Tell  what 
you  can  about  this  lake. 

Name  some  of  the  products  of 
Bolivia.  What  is  its  largest  city? 
One  picture  on  this  page  shows  two 


What  is  its  capital  ? 

Indians  in  a  deep  silver  mine  near  Bogota. 


82 


OTHEK  COUNTRIES  OF   SOUTH  AMERICA 


Chile  is  a  long  and  narrow  country.    It  lies 
on  the  west  slope  of  the  Andes. 

The  mountains  of  Chile  yield  much  copper 
and  silver.    Large  beds  of  saltpeter  are 
found  in  a  desert  of  northern  Chile.    This 
is  a  kind  of  salt 
that  forms  on 
some    deserts 
and  is  used  in 
making    gun- 
powder. 

We  have  learned 
that  the  Andes  of 
the  torrid  zone 
receive  most  of 
their  rain  on  the 
east  slope.  When 
the  wind  passes  over  the  high  ranges  it  is  cooled  and 
loses  its  rain.  Thus  the  west  side  of  the  Andes,  for 
over  a  thousand  miles,  is  a  desert.  It  is  in  this  desert, 
or  rainless  coast,  that  saltpeter  is  found, 

The  greater  part  of  Chile  is  in  the  temper- 
ate  zone  and   has  plenty  of  rain.    Only  the 


The  strait  of  Magellan  is  near  the  southern  end  of 
this  continent.  Many  steamers  use  this  strait  in  going 
from  ocean  to  ocean.  It  saves  a  long  trip  round  stormy 
cape  Horn.  The  island  of  Tierra  del  Fuego,  or  "  land  of 
tire,"  is  south  of  this  useful  strait 


Alpaca 


Scenes  in  Brazil 

desert  in  the  north   is  dry.    Chile  has  large 
fields  of  wheat  and  other  grains. 

Santiago  is  the  capital  and  largest  city.  It 
is  in  a  high  valley  of  the  Andes.  Valparaiso 
is  the  largest  seaport  of  Chile. 


Llama 

Helps.  —  Where  is  Chile?  Name  two  products  of  its 
mines.  What  is  saltpeter?  Where  is  it  found?  Why  is 
there  a  long  desert  in  northern  Chile?  Can  you  think 
why  Chile  is  a  narrow  country? 

In  jvhat  zone  is  most  of  the  plain  of  Chile  ?  Name  some 
of  the  grains  of  this  zone. 

What  and  where  is  the  capital  of  Chile?  Name  the 
largest  port  of  this  coimtry.    Where  is  cape  Horn? 

Where  is  the  strait  of  Magellan?  Of  what  use  is  it? 
Find  out  all  you  can  about  the  great  sailor,  Magellan. 

68.   Other  countries  of  South  America 

Venezuela  contains  nearly  all  of  the 

grassy  plains  of  the  Orinoco  valley. 

They  support  millions  of  cattle.    Other 

parts  of  this  country  are  hilly  and 

raise  coffee. 

Caracas  is  the  capital  and  largest 

city.    It  is  in  the  mountains. 

Guiana  is  the  name  given  to 

I"    three  small  countries.    They  are  on  the 

north  of  the  low  highland  of  the  same 

name  and  belong  to  the  British,  French 

and  Dutch  nations  of  Europe. 

Gold  is  found  in  the  highland  of  Guiana. 
Sugar  cane  and  pepper  are  raised  in  the  low 
lands  sloping  to  the  sea. 

Brazil  is  the  largest  country  on  the  conti- 
nent. It  includes  most  of  the  Amazon  valley. 
The  highland  of  Brazil  is  in  the  eastern  part. 


F 


Q 


90      Longitude     80  West        70  from        60   Greenwich  60 


84 


OTHER  COUNTRIES  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA 


Brazil  is  larger  than  the  United  States,  but 
we  have  over  four  times  as  many  people. 
More  than  one  half  the  people  of  Brazil  are 
Indians. 

Brazil  is  mostly  in  the  torrid  zone.  The 
large  rivers  show  that  it  has  plenty  of  rain. 
It  is  the  greatest  coffee  country  in  the  world. 

Sugar  cane  and  tobacco  thrive  there.  We 
have  read  about  the  rub- 
ber trees  of  the  hot  Ama- 
zon valley.  The  highland 
of  Brazil  has  good  grass 
land  for  cattle. 

Diamonds  are  found  in 
this  country,  but  many 
more  come  from  Africa. 

Rio  de  Janeiro  is  the 
capital  and  leading  city. 
It  has  a  large  and  deep 
harbor.  This  city  owes 
its  growth  mostly  to  its 
coffee  trade,  which  is  lar- 
ger than  that  of  any 
other  city  in  the  world. 

Santos  also  has  a  large 
coffee  trade.  This  port  is 
southwest  of  "  Rio." 

Para,  near  the  wide 
mouth  of  the  Amazon,  is 
a  noted  rubber  market. 

Uruguay  and  Paraguay  are  mostly  in  the 
valley  of  the  Plata  river.  They  have  good 
grain  and  grass  lands.  The  chief  products  are 
wheat,  corn,  cattle  and  sheep. 

The  great  Parana  river  from  Brazil  flows  along  the 
east  and  south  sides  of  Paraguay.  The  Paraguay  river 
crosses  this  little  country  and  flows  into  the  Parana, 
which  in  turn  flows  into  the  Plata  river. 

Montevideo  is  the  large.st  port  of  Uruguay. 
It  is  in  the  wide  mouth  of  the  Plata  river. 

Argentina  is  east  of  Chile.  The  Andes 
mountains  rise  between  these  countries. 

Nearly  all  Argentina  is  in  the  temperate 
zone.    Most  parts  have  plenty  of  rain  for  grass 


Indian  children  of  the  cold  island  of  Tierra  del  Fuego 


and  grain.    The  soil  is  fertile.    Wheat  and  corn 

are  leading  products. 

This  is  the  country  of  the  pampas  or  grassy 

plains.    They  feed  millions  of  cattle,  sheep  and 

horses. 

Buenos  Aires  is  the  capital.    It  is  the  largest 

city  in  the  world,  south  of  the  equator,  but  it 

is  only   about  one  fourth  as  large  as   New 

York.  Buenos  Aires  is 
the  great  port  and  mar- 
ket of  the  Plata  valley. 
It  is  noted  for  its  beauti- 
ful streets  and  houses. 

Helps.  —  Name  a  country  in 
the  valley  of  the  Orinoco.  What 
are  some  of  its  products  ?  What 
and  where  is  its  largest  city? 
Where  is  Guiana?  What  three 
nations  own  parts  of  Guiana? 
Name  some  of  its  products. 

Which  is  the  largest  country 
■  >i  South  America?  What  is 
said  of  its  size  and  the  number 
of  its  people  ?  What  highland 
is  in  the  eastern  part  of  this 
country  ?  What  highland  is  on 
tlie  north?  Where  is  cape  St. 
Roque? 

What  great  river  valley  is 
almost  wholly  in  Brazil  ?  Name 
some  wild  animals  of  Brazil. 

How  can  you  prove  by  the 
map  that  Brazil  is  hot  and  has 
heavy  rains?  Tell  all  you  can  about  the  products  of  this 
country.  In  what  part  of  Brazil  is  the  jwrt  of  Rio  de  Janeiro 
or  "  Rio  "  ?    Tell  all  you  can  about  this  city. 

Can  you  think  why  one  kind  of  coffee  is  called  "  Rio"? 
Name  another  coffee  port.  For  what  is  Para  noted  ?  Where 
is  it? 

Where  are  Paraguay  and  Uruguay?  Where  are  the 
Parana  and  Paraguay  rivers?  What  is  the  chief  port  of 
Uruguay?    Where  is  it? 

What  large  country  is  east  of  Chile  ?  What  high  ranges 
are  between  them  ?  Name  some  of  the  products  of  Argen- 
tina.   In  what  zone  is  it  ? 

What  is  said  about  Buenos  Aires?  Think  of  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  Plata  valley  and  tell  what  you  would  e-xpect  to 
see  in  steamers  sailing  from  Buenos  Aires. 

Why  do  the  children  in  the  picture  need  furs  for  cloth- 
ing? Their  cold  island  was  called  the"  land  of  fire  "because 
some  sailors  saw  fires  or  burning  torches  on  it. 


85 


EUROPE 


69.   Surface  of  Europe 

Europe  is  a  little  larger  than  the  United 
States.  Many  large  bays  break  into  the  coast 
of  Europe.  Long  peninsulas  lie  between  them. 
There  are  many  deep  harbors  on  these  bays, 
and  ships  can  sail  far  inland  to  them. 

The  southwest  part  of 
Europe  has  many  moun- 
tains. Some  of  the  ranges 
are    very   high.     Find    the 


Black  to  the  Caspian  sea.  Mt.  Elburz,  in  these 
mountains,  is  the  highest  peak  in  all  Europe. 
A  low  plain  covers  about  two  thirds  of 
Europe.  The  largest  part  is  in  Russia.  It  joins 
the  plain  of  Siberia  on  the  east.  The  low  Ural 
mountains  rise  between  the  two  parts  of  this 


name  "Alpine 
highland"  on  the 
map.  The  Alps  are  the  highest  range  and  give 
the  name  to  the  highland. 

The  Danube  is  the  largest  river  rising  in 
this  highland.    It  flows  eastward  to  the  Black 
sea.    The  Rhine  flows  into  the  North  sea. 
The  high  Caucasus  mountains  cross  from  the 


great  plain.  It  crosses 
both  Europe  and  Asia. 
It  reaches  the  Atlantic 
ocean  on  the  west  and 
the  Pacific  ocean  in  the 
far  east. 

The  rivers  on  the 
map  show  how  the  land 
slopes.  The  plain  of 
Russia  slopes  gently  to 
the  seas  on  the  south, 
north  and  west. 

The  Volga  is  the 
longest  river  of  Europe,  but  it  does  not  drain 
half  so  much  land  as  the  Mississippi.  The  Volga 
flows  into  the  Caspian  sea.  Most  of  the  rivers 
of  southern  Russia  flow  into  the  Black  sea. 

The  Central  plain  crosses  Germany  and 
France.  Near  the  sea  both  countries  are 
level.  The  parts  in  the  Alpine  highland  have 
many  ranges. 


(I 
a 


CLIMATE  OF  EUROPE 


88 


PLANTS 


72.   Plants 

The  plains  of  Europe  yield  about  the  same 
products  as  the  prairies  in  our  country.  There 
are  fields  of  wheat,  corn,  rye,  oats  and  barley. 
There  is  also  rich  grass  for  cattle,  horses  and 
sheep. 

Sugar  beets  grow  in  many  parts  of  this  con- 
tinent. One  kind  of  sugar  is  made  from  the 
juice  of  these  beets. 

Flax  is  one  of  the  most  useful  plants  of 
Europe.    It  is  used  in  making  linen  cloth 
The  stalks  yield  the  fine  fiber.    If  you 
will  untwist  a  piece  of  linen  thread.       ,f 
you  can  see  the  little  fibers  of  flax      ^ 
They  are  fine  and  strong. 

Tobacco  is  raised  in  many 
parts  of  Europe.  There  are 
also  large  forests,  and  many 
trees  are  cut  down  for  lum- 
ber. Most  of  the  trees  are 
like  those  in  our 
own  country. 

The  warm 
lands  in  the 
south 
Europe  are 
famous  for  fruit.s. 
Among  these  are 
oranges,  lemons, 
olives  and  grapes. 
Most    of    the 
grapes    are 
used  in  mak- 
ing wines,  but 
some  of  them 
are  dried  in  the  sun  and  sold  as  raisins. 

The  mulberry  tree  grows  in  these  warm 
lands.  Silkworms  feed  on  mulberry  leaves. 
Many  people  in  Europe  spin  and  weave  silk. 

People  feed  the  mulberry  leaves  to  silkwonus. 
The  worms  spin  long  threads  and  wind  them  about 
their  bodies.  Thus  they  form  cocoons,  such  as  butter- 
flies in  our  countrj'  come  from. 

Some  of  the  silkworm  cocoons  contain  a  mile  or 
even  two  miles  of  silk  fiber. 


If  the  cocoons  are  not  touched,  the  worms  in  them 
turn  to  moths,  burst  out  and  fly  away.  If  the  people 
wish  to  use  the  silk  fiber,  they  put  the  cocoons  in  hot 
water  to  kiU  the  worms  before  they  turn  to  moths. 
Then  the  silk  can  be  unwound.  If  the  moths  break 
out,  the  silk  is  broken  into  little  pieces.  Untwist  a 
silk  thread  and  you  can  see  the  silkworm  fibers. 

The  plant  map  on  this  page  shows  a  silkworm  and 
flying  moth.  The  Chinese  made  silk  cloth  long  before 
the  people  of  Europe  kuew  how. 

Helps.  —  In  what   part   of    Europe 
do  grains  grow  ?    Name  some 


Plant  map  of  Europe 

kinds   of   grain. 
What  use  is  made  of  the 
grass  lands  of  Europe? 
Name  two  plants  that  yield 
sugar.    Wliich  of  these  is  raised 
in  Europe?     The   sugar   beet  is 
raised  also  in  some  parts  of  our  country. 

What  does  the  lesson  tell  about  flax  ?  —  about  tobacco  ? 
—  about  forests  ? 

Name  some  fruits  of  Europe.  In  which  part  of  the  con- 
tinent do  they  grow  ?    Tell  .some  of  the  uses  of  grapes. 

Of  what  use  is  the  mulberry  tree  ?  Where  does  it  grow? 
Tell  how  many  silk  fibers  are  made.  How  long  a  fiber  may 
a  silkworm  spin?  If  let  alone,  what  does  the  silkworm 
change  into?  What  must  be  done  to  keep  the  fibers  from 
being  broken?  What  is  said  about  the  Chinese  people? 
The  place  where  the  silkworm  is  shown  in  the  pictxne  has 
the  largest  silk  mills  in  the  world. 


puejuaajc) 


1      !       u       n 


90 


ANIMALS 


73.  Animals  ^       ^      ^^ 

Cattle,  horses,  sheep  and  \|  „.,„      ~-^^ 
hogs    are   found    in    most       ~ 
parts  of  Europe. 

Bears  and  wild  boars  are 
hunted  in  the  forests.    The  boars 
have  long  tusks  and  are  very  fierce. 

The  chamois  and  ibex  are  often 
seen  in  the  Alpine  highland.    They 
look  partly  like  deer  and  partly  like 
goats.    They  are  very 
shy  and  have  keen  sight 
and  scent.     In  winter 
they  feed  on  twigs 
and  tender  branches 
of  trees.    In  sum- 
mer they  find  grass 
on  the  high  peaks. 

The  reindeer  lives  in 
the   cold  plains  of   the 
north.    It  is  a  very 
useful  animal.    It 
can  draw  heavy 
loads  on  sleds  over 
the  snow.    People 
drink  the  milk  and  eat  the  flesh  of  this  deer. 
They  make  warm  clothing  from  its  skin. 

Seals   and  sea   birds  are 
common    along  the 
Arctic  coast.     Song       ^  " 
birds  are  found  in       ,  '^ 
nearly  all  parts 
of  the  land. 

Some  sea  birds 
put  soft  feathers 
in  their  nests. 
They  pluck  many 
of  them  from  their 
own  breasts.    Men 
take  the  feathers  or 
down  to  use   in    pil 
lows.     Then   the  birds 
fill  the  nests  again. 


Fish  are  caught  near  all 
the  shores  of  Europe  and 


Russians  catching  a  sturgeon  in  the 

Caspian  sea 


J    -.IBEX 

in  the  lakes  and  rivers.    Men  go 
to  the  Arctic  regions  to  hunt  for  whales. 

Helps.  —  Tell  some  of  the  uses  of  cattle  ;  of  sheep  ;  of 
horses.    In  which  parts  of  Europe  are 
these  animals  found? 

Name  two  wild  animals  that 
live  in  the  forests  of  Eu- 
rope. What  animal  have 
you   seen  that  looks 
ike  the  wild  boar? 

Name  two  animals 
of  the  Alpine  higli- 
land.   Tell  what  you 
-    can  about  them. 
Where  is  the  rein- 
.leer  found?    Tell 
what  you  can  about 
this  deer. 
What  is  said   about 
seals  and  sea  birds?  — about 
ish?— about  whales? 
picture  shows  the  eider  duck 
that  supplies  the  best  down.    It  shows 
also  the  clumsy  birds  called  auks. 


PEOPLE 


91 


74,    People 

Most  of  the  people  of  Europe  belong  to  the 
white  race.    They  form  many  great  nations. 

The  first  white  people  Hved  in  middle  or 
southwest  Asia.  Long  ago  some  of  them 
went  to  India.  Others  went  west  looking  for 
new  homes  with  grass  land  for  their  cattle. 

At  last  some  of  them  reached  Europe. 
Many  years  passed  and  tribes  of  white  people 
spread  over  the  whole  land. 

These  tribes  are  now  nations.  They  have 
built  large  cities.  They  send  ships  to  trade 
with  other  lands. 

A  few  hundred  years  ago  white  people  first 
went  from  Europe  to  America.    Others  went 


People  of  the  yellow  race  live  in  the  cold 
plain  of  northern  Europe.  Among  them  are 
the  Lapps  and  the  Finns.  Many  yellow  people 
live  also  in  the  val- 
leys of  the  Volga  and 
Danube  rivers. 

Europe  has  nearly 
five  times  as  many 
people  as  the  United 
States. 

One  picture  on  this 
page  shows  a  Turk.  He 
lives  in  the  country  of 
Turkey. 

The  other  pictures  are 
scenes  in  the  lowlands  of  ^"'''^''  °*^"=" 

Europe,  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine  river. 

Helps.  —  To  what  race  do  most  of  the  people  of  Europe 
belong?  Tell  what  you  can  about  the  white  people  and 
where  they  came  from. 

In  what  parts  of  Europe  do  yellow  people  live  ?  Name 
two  river  valleys  settled  in  part  by  yellow  people. 

Which  is  the  larger,  Europe  or  the  United  States? 
See  lesson  69.    How  do  they  compare  in  number  of  people? 


to  Australia.  White  people  are 
now  found  in  most  of  the  ports 
of  the  world.  We  shall  study 
more  about  the  work  of  the 
white  people  of  Europe. 


Scenes  in  the  Netherlands  or  lowlands 


SHETIASD  ISLANDS 

anil 

OBKXET  ISI.ASDS 

Bam*  SfoU  unst' 


BKITISH   ISLES 


93 


75.    British  Isles 

The  British  Isles  include  two  large  islands 
and  many  small  ones.  The  largest  is  Great 
Britain.    Ireland  is  the  next  in  size. 

Great  Britain  consists  of  England,  Scotland 
and  Wales.  The  people  are  English,  Scotch 
and  Welsh.  Ireland  is  the  home  of  the  Irish 
people.    All  these  belong  to  the  white  race. 

Most  of  the  high  land  in  Great  Britain  is 
in  the  north  and  west  parts  of  the  island. 
These  parts  are  too  hilly  for  farming,  but 
have  good  grass  lands  for  cattle  and  sheep. 

The  south  and  east  parts  of  the  island  are 
mostly  low  or  slightly  hilly.  Here  are  found 
the  best  farms  and  also  many  good 
pastures.  Great  Britain  has  much 
fog  and  rain.  These  help  to  make 
the  grass  grow.  The  damp  air 
blows  from  over  the  warm  water 
that  drifts  across  the  Atlantic. 
See  lesson  71. 

The  United  States  has  the  best 
mines  of  iron  and  coal.  Great  Brit- 
ain ranks  second.  Having  coal  and 
iron,  the  British  people  make  nearly 
all  kinds  of  iron  and  steel  articles 
that  you  have  ever  seen.  Birming- 
ham is  one  of  the  great  iron  cities. 


made  into  thread.    Some  of  this  is  woven  into 
cloth  and  lace. 

The  cities  of  England  buy  vegetables,  butter, 
cheese,  chickens  and  other  farm  products  from 
Ireland. 

Tn  early  days  sailors  often  went  far  away  in  search 
of  new  lands.  They  came  to  America.  They  went  to 
Australia,  Asia  and  Africa,  and  they  claimed  the 
new  lands  for  their  kings.  England  had  many  ships 
on  the  sea,  and  so  found  many  lands.  The  British 
Isles  and  all  the  lands  belonging  to  them  form  the 
British  empire.  It  includes  Canada,  Australia  and 
other  lands  that  we  shall  study. 

The  colonies  send  many  of  their  products  to  the  British 
people,  who  send  back  articles  made  in  their  workshops. 


LrO  N  D  O  N 
NL  CN  THAMES 


The  Tower  of  London 


Many  years  ago  the  British  people  became 
noted  for  making  woolen  cloth.  Now  they  use 
all  the  wool  raised  in  their  own  islands  and 
buy  much  more  from  other  lands.  They  also 
make  cotton  cloth,  but  cotton  does  not  grow 
in  the  British  Isles.  It  is  sent  there  from  our 
country  and  from  other  lands. 

The  British  people  weave  into  cloth  about 
one  third  of  the  cotton  and  wool  raised  on  the 
earth. 

Scotland  leads  the  world  in  building  iron 
ships.  With  so  many  busy  workshops  we  see 
the  need  of  ships  to  carry  goods  to  and  from 
the  people  of  these  islands.  British  ships  carry 
one  third  of  the  freight  of  the  world. 

Ireland  has  large  fields  of  flax.  We  have 
read  that  this  little  plant  has  fibers  that  are 


Shipping  on  the  Thames  river. 

Helps.  —  Where  are  the  British  Isles  ? 


the 


Which   IS 
largest  island  in  the  group  ?    Which  is  next  in  size  ? 

Where  is  the  English  channel?  What  does  the  strait  of 
Dover  connect  ?    What  countries  does  this  strait  separate  ? 

Name  the  three  divisions  of  Great  Britain.  What  names 
are  given  to  the  people  of  these  divisions?  What  are  the 
people  of  Ireland  called  ?    Where  is  the  Irish  sea? 

What  is  said  about  the  north  and  west  parts  of  Great 
Britain  ?  —  about  the  south  and  east  parts  ?  What  is  said 
about  fog  and  rain? 

What  country  has  the  best  mines  of  coal  and  iron? 
Which  country  ranks  second  ?  Of  what  use  is  it  to  a  country 
to  have  coal  and  iron?    For  what  is  Birmingham  noted  ? 

What  is  said  about  cloth  making  in  the  British  Isles? 
Which  of  the  cloth  fibers  is  in  part  raised  in  the  British  Isles? 

What  is  said  about  freight  on  the  ocean  ?  Why  do  the 
British  people  need  so  many  ships?  Which  part  of  Great 
Britain  leads  in  shipbuilding? 

Name  some  of  the  products  of  Ireland.  What  is  said  of 
Irish  flax  ?  Name  some  parts  of  the  British  empire.  What 
small  country  in  South  America  belongs  to  the  British? 


94 


CITIES  OF  THE   BRITISH   ISLES 


76.    Cities  of  the  British  Isles 

London  is  one  of  the  great  centers  of  trade. 
It  is  the  capital  of  the  British  empire  and  the 
largest  city  in  the  world.  New  York,  the 
second  in  size,  is  about  three  fourths  as  large. 
London  is  on  the  small  but  deep  river 
Thames.    The  masts  of  ships  on  this  river 

look  like  a 
great  forest. 
We  should 
expect  to 
find  a  great 
city    on 


Top  of  Mt.  Snowdon,  Wales 

the  side  of  England 

nearest  Europe,  for  such  a  city  can  trade 
easily  with  many  countries.  This  city 
handles  nearly  all  kinds  of  products  of 
farms,  workshops  and  mines  of  the  world. 


of  all  kinds.  We  can  now  see  why  this  has 
grown  to  be  one  of  the  largest  ports  in  the 
world. 

Manchester  has  the  largest  cloth  mills  in  the 
world.  Much  of  its  raw  cotton  comes  from 
our  country.  A  ship  canal  connects  this  city 
with  the  Mersey  river  not  far  from  Liverpool. 
Sheffield  is  noted  for  its  fine  cutlery  or 
sharp  tools. 

Edinburgh,  the  capital  of  Scotland,  is  famous 
in  history.  You  may  read  much  about  it  in 
years  to  come. 

Glasgow,  a  city  of  Scotland,  leads  the  world 

in   shipbuilding.      Shipyards   line 

the    banks    of    the    little    river 

Clyde  for  miles.    This 

city  is  not  far  from 

mines   of   iron   and 

coal. 

Both  Belfast  and 
Dublin  are 
on  the  coast 
of  Ireland 
nearest  Eng- 
land. Dub- 
lin is  the 
capital 
and 


Caledonian 
canal, 

Scotland 


The  large  palace  in  which  the  laws  of  the  British 
empire  are  made  is  on  the  river  Thames.  The  Tower 
of  London,  a  famous  prison  of  olden  times,  shows  its 
four  high  towers  in  the  picture  on  page  93. 

The  British  Museum  in  London  is  noted  for  its 
great  library  and  its  many  rare  and  costly  objects 
from  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Liverpool,  on  the  river  Mersey,  is  the  chief 
port  near  the  west  coast  of  England.  New 
York  and  other  ports  of  America  send  cotton 
and  wool  to  this  port,  for  the  mills  of  England. 
They  also  send  grain  and  meat  to  help  feed  the 
people  that  work  in  the  cloth  and  iron  mills. 
Liverpool  ships   away  cloth  and  iron  goods 


chief  city  of 
Ireland.      Bel- 
fast is  noted  for 
fine  linens   and 
laces,  woven  by  the 
Irish  people.    They  are  skillful  in  this  work. 

Helps.  —  On  what  river  is  London  ?  Of  what  is  it  the 
capital  ?  What  is  said  of  its  size  ?  How  does  New  York 
compare  with  it  in  size? 

Why  should  we  expect  to  find  a  large  port  on  the  east 
side  of  England  ?    Tell  all  you  can  about  London. 

For  what  trade  does  England  also  need  a  port  on  the  west 
coast?  What  is  the  largest  port  near  the  west  coast  of  Eng- 
land? What  do  the  jwrts  of  America  send  to  Liverpool? 
What  does  this  city  ship  away  ?  On  what  river  is  Liverpool  ? 


FKANCE 


95 


What  city  has  a  canal  leading  to  the  Mersey  river? 
For  what  is  the  city  noted  V  Can  you  think  of  what  use  a 
canal  large  enough  for  great  ships  would  be  to  Manchester  ? 
Why  would  it  not  be  as  cheap  to  send  goods  by  rail  to  the 
coast,  and  then  by  ships  to  other  lands?  What  *ould  ships 
be  likely  to  carry  to  Manchester  ? 

Can  you  name  some  tools  used  for  cutting  ?  Such  tools 
are  called  edge  tools  or  cutlery.  What  city  is  noted  for 
cutlery  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  Glasgow.  AVhere  are  Belfast 
and  Dublin?  What  is  said  about  Dublin?  For  what  is 
Belfast  noted?. 

77.    France 

The  part  of  the  high  Alps  having  the  peak 
of  Mt.  Blanc  is  in  eastern  France.  The  west 
slope  of  the  Alps 
leads  down  to  the 
river  Rhone.  This 
river  is  so  swift  that 
only  strong  steam- 
ers can  go  upstream. 

Lyon,  a  city  on 
the  Rhone  river, 
has  the  largest  silk 
mills  in  the  world. 
Many  silkworms 
are  raised  in  the 
valley  of  the  Rhone. 
Silk  fiber  or  raw  silk 
is  also  brought  from 
Italy  and  other  coun- 
tries, to  be  spun  and 
woven  in  Lyon. 

Marseille,  the  largest  port  of  France,  is  not 
far  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone.  A  canal 
joins  this  port  with  the  river. 

West  and  northwest  of  the  Rhone  valley 
the  land  slopes  to  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The 
map  shows  several  rivers  flowing  down  this 
slope  to  the  sea.  Most  of  the  country  is  hilly 
and  many  of  the  hills  are  covered  with  vine- 
yards.   France  is  noted  for  grapes  and  wines. 

The  cool  northern  half  of  this  country  has 
rich  wheat  lands.  The  cities  have  large  mills 
for  grinding  wheat  to  flour.  Many  sugar  beets 
are  raised  in  the  same  region. 


Paris  is  the  capital  of  France.  It  is  on  the 
Seine  river.  This  city  ranks  third  in  size  in 
the  world,  only  London  and  New  York  being 
larger.  It  is  noted  also  for  its  paintings, 
statues  and  beautiful  buildings. 

Havre,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine  river,  is 
the  seaport  for  Paris. 

France  has  mines  of  iron  and  coal,  and  of 
course  has  many  mills  where  iron  and  steel 
articles  are  made.  France  is  a  republic.  It 
has  large  colonies  in  Africa  and  Asia. 

Helps.  —  What  high  mountains  are  partly  in  France? 
Name  one  of  the  high  peaks.  Where  is  the  Rhone  valley? 
What  is  said  about  the  Rhone  river?    Name  a  city  on  the 


The  Seine  river  in  Paris 

Rhone  river.  For  what  is  it  noted  ?  Where  does  it  get 
silk  to  weave?  What  is  the  leading  port  of  France? 
Where  is  it?  How  can  boats  from  the  Rhone  river  reach 
Marseille  ? 

Toward  what  ocean  does  the  greater  part  of  France 
slope  ?  What  grows  on  many  of  the  hillsides  ?  Name  two 
other  products  of  the  farms  of  France. 

Where  is  Paris?  What  is  said  of  its  size?  Tell  what 
else  you  can  about  it.  What  and  where  is  the  seaport  for 
Paris?    Why  does  an  inland  city  need  a  port? 

Name  two  products  of  the  mines  of  France.  Of  what 
use  are  such  products  to  a  country  ? 

What  is  the  form  of  government  in  France?  In  what 
continents  has  France  large  colonies  ? 

Corsica  belongs  to  France  ;  find  it  on  the  map  on  page 
89.    Into  what  bay  does  the  Loire  river  flow? 


96 


GERMANY 


78.   Germany 

Germany  is  also  called  the  German  empire. 
It  consists  of  several  states  or  countries  under 
one  emperor.  He  is  also 
king  of  Prussia. 

Germany  lies  north  of 
the  Alpine  highland.  The 
southern  part  of  the  coun- 
try has  many  low  ranges 
of  mountains.  Most  of 
them  are  covered  with 
forests.  This  region  has 
mines  of  iron  and  coal. 
The  German  people  take 
high  rank  in  making 
nearly  all  kinds  of  iron 
and  steel  goods. 

Middle  and  northern  Germany  consist 
of  hilly  and  level  land.    This  is  part  of  the 
Central  plain.    It  has  plenty  of  rain  and  its 
seasons  are  like  those  of  the  prairies. 

Germany  has  good  rye  and  wheat  land. 
The  Germans  are  fond  of  rye  bread.  Great 
quantities  of  sugar  beets  are  raised 
in  this  country.  Sugar  is  made 
from  the  sweet  juice  pressed 
from  the  beets. 

Germany  has    large 
vineyards.    Many   of 
them  are  on  the  steep 
sides  of  river  valleys 
or  on  hillsides.    The 
valley  of  the  river 
Rhine   is  noted  for 
wines. 

Germany,    like 
France   and    Great 
Britain,  ranks  among 
the  leading  nations  of 
Europe.    The  work- 
shops of  these  countries 
make  almost  every  kind  of  use- 
ful article.    They  all  have  great 
cloth  mills  and  iron  mills.    They  make  fine 
clay  or  porcelain  dishes.    They  melt  sand  into 


glass  and  blow  it  into  beautiful  glassware. 
Their  ships  trade  in  all  the  large  ports  of  the 
world. 

Berlin'  is  the  capital  of  Germany.  It  is 
about  as  large  as  Chicago.  It  is  noted  for  its 
higher  schools  and  for  its  galleries  of  painting 
and  sculpture.  The  emperor  of  Germany  lives 
in  this  city. 

Hamburg  is  the  largest  port  on  the  mainland 

of  Europe.    It  is  in  the  part  of 

Germany  that    borders    on  the 

North  sea.     Hamburg    is  on 

the  Elbe  river.    A  ship  canal 

joins  the  wide  mouth  of  this 

river  with  the  Baltic  sea  at 

Kiel.    See  map  on  page  97- 

Helps.  —  Why    is    Germany  called   au 
empire?    What  is  the  ruler  called?    Where 
is  Germany  ? 
Which  part  of  this  country  has  moim tains? 
Name  two  products  of  the  mines. 

AVhat  kind  of  surface  has  the  rest  of  Germany?  What 
is  said  of  its  seasons  ?  Name  two  grains  raised  in  this 
country.    From  what  is  sugar  in  Germany  made  ? 

Name  a  product  of  the  river  valleys  and  hill- 
;s.  In  what  ways  is  Germany  V\kf 
Great  Britain  and  France? 

What  is  the  capital  of  Germany? 
What  is   said   of   its   size?     For 
hat  is  it  noted? 

Name  a  port  of  Germany. 

What  is  said  of  its  size?    On 

what  river  is  it?    Into  what 

sea  does  the  Elbe  river  flow  ? 

Name  another  sea  north  of 


A  German 


Roofs  of  Strassburg  by  the  Rhine 


Germany.     Of  what  use  is 

the    ship    canal    from    this 

river  to  the  Baltic  sea  ? 

What  great  country  is  east 

of  Germany? — southeast  of  it? 

Name  the  little  mountainous 

country   on  the  southwest. 

Name  a  large  country  and  two 

small   ones   on  the  western 

border  of  Germany. 

In  what  direction  do  most  of 

the  rivers  of  Germany  flow?    What  does 

this  show  about  the  slope  of  the  land  ? 

One  of  the  pictures  shows  storks  on 

the  roofs  of  Strassburg  by  the  Rhine;  in  what  part  of 

Germany  is  this  city  ?   Into  what  sea  does  the  Rhine  flow? 


98 


NETHERLANDS  AND   BELGIUM 


79.   Netherlands  and  Belgium 

The  word  "  Netherlands  "  means  lowlands. 
This  country  is  often  called  Holland.  The 
people  are  Dutch. 

The  greater  part  of  Holland  is  very  low.  A 
large  part  is  in  the  delta  of  the  river  Rhine. 
Much  of  the  land  is  below  the  level  of  the 
sea,  and  the  water  is  held  back  by  long  banks 
called  dikes. 

This  country  is  noted  for  its  canals.  Thou- 
sands of  windmills  are  used  to  pump  rain 
water  from  the  low  land  into  the  canals. 

The  delta  land  raises  fine  grass,  and  the 
people  of  Holland  have  many  cows.  Butter 
and  cheese  are  leading  products.  There  are 
large  fields  of  wheat  and  other  grains.  The 
Dutch  sell  farm  products  to  the  people  in 
the  great  cities  of  England. 

Amsterdam  is  the  largest  city  and  port  of 
Holland.    The  lawmakers  meet  at  The  Hague. 

Belgium  is  a  land  of  workshops.  It  has 
large  fields  of  flax,  and  some  of 
its  mills  make  linen  cloth  and 
laces.  There  are  mines  of  iron 
and  coal.  These  supply  mills 
that  make  iron  and  steel  good- 

Some  parts  of  Belghim  ait 
low,  like  Holland,  and  have  the 
same  kinds  of  farm  products. 

Brussels  is  the  capital  and 
largest  city.    It  is  noted  for  carpets  and  laces. 

Antwerp  is  a  very  old  city  and  is  the  largest 
port.  Long  ago  it  sent  more  ships  to  sea  than 
any  other  city  in  the  world. 

The  king  of  the  Belgians  is  also  ruler  of  the 
great  Kongo  State  in  Africa. 

Helps. — What  two  names  are  given  to  the  country  of 
the  Dutch  people?  What  does  the  word  "Netherlands" 
mean? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  the  surface  of  Holland.  Name 
some  of  its  dairy  and  farm  products.  Where  do  the  Dutch 
people  sell  many  of  their  products  ? 

What  is  the  largest  city  of  Holland?  In  what  city  are 
the  laws  made  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  the  products  of  Belgium.  What 
is  the  capital  ?  For  what  is  it  noted  ?  What  is  said  about 
Antwerp? 


80.    Countries  of  the  Northmen 
Denmark  consists  of  a  peninsula  and  many 
islands.    It  is  mostly  low  land  and  has  about 
the  same  products  as  Holland.    Iceland  and 
part  of  Greenland  belong  to  Denmark. 

Copenhagen  is  the  capital  and  chief  city  of 
Denmark.    This  city  is  on  an  island. 

The  people  of  Denmark  are  the  Danes.  A  few 
Danes  and  small  bands  of  Eskimos  live  in  Greenland. 
They  are  near  the  southwest  coast,  where  the  water  of 
the  ocean  is  not  so  cold  as  it  is  on  the  east  side.  Nearly 
all  of  this  great  island  is  buried  under  snow  and  ice. 
Iceland,  like  the  southwest  coast  of  Greenland,  is 
in  the  path  of  water  that  drifts  from  warmer  parts  of 
the  ocean.  Iceland  is  not  so  cold  as  Greenland, 
but  hoth  are  too  cold  to  raise 
grain. 

The  Danes  of  Iceland  catch 
fish  and  raise  sheep.  They 
also  sell  the  soft  feathers  or 
down  of  ducks  that  go  there 
to  make  their  nests.  The  birds 
put  the  feathers  in  the  nests 
to  keep  the  httle  birds  warm. 

Norway  is  mostly  high 
land.  Large  areas  are 
buried  under  ice  and  snow. 
The  coast  of  Norway 
is  high  and  broken.  There 
are  many  long  and  deep 
bays.  Cod  and  other  fish 
are  caught  off  the  coast. 
Many  people  visit  the  North  cape  to  see  the 
"  midnight  sun." 

Large  forests  grow  in  Norway.  Lumber  is 
a  leading  product.  Christiania  is  the  capital  of 
Norway.    Bergen  is  a  port  on  the  west  coast. 

Sweden  and  Norway  are  in  a  great  penin- 
sula. Sweden  is  on  the  east.  It  consists  mostly 
of  hilly  or  low  land.  The  mines  of  Sweden 
yield  iron  of  the  first  grade. 

Stockholm  is  the  capital  and  chief  city  of 
Sweden.  The  northern  part  of  this  long  pen- 
insula is  in  the  frigid  zone. 

Long  ago  the  people  of  these  three  countries 
were  famous  sailors.  They  were  called  Norse- 
men   or  Northmen.    They  sailed  their  small 


Scene  in  Holland 


AUSTRIA-HUNGAKY  AND  SWITZERLAND 


99 


boats  far  out  into  the  open  sea.  They  reached 
Iceland  and  then  Greenland.  Then  they  pushed 
boldly  on  till  they  reached  the  coast  of  North 
America.  They  were  the  first  white  men  to 
see  this  continent.  This  was  hundreds  of  years 
before  Columbus  was  born. 

Helps.  —  What  is  said  about   Denmark  ?    What  is  its 
capital  ?    What  name  is  given  to  the  people  of  Denmark  ? 

Name  two  colonies  of  Denmark.    What  is  said  about 
Greenland  ?  —  about  Iceland  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  surface  of  Norway  ?  —  about  its 
coast  ?  Where  is  the  North  cape  ?  Name  two  products  of 
Norway.  What  is  its  capital?  What  is 
said  about  Sweden  ?  Name 
its  capital.  Tell  what 
you  can  about  the 
North  men. 


Vienna  is  the  capital  and  largest  city.  It  is 
built  on  the  banks  of  the  Danube.  This  is  one 
of  the  largest  cities  in  Europe. 

The  city  of  Budapest  is  on  the  Danube  below 
Vienna.  It  is  near  great  wheat  fields  and  has 
large  mills  for  grinding  flour. 

Switzerland  is  west  of  Austria  and  north 
of  Italy.  Many  people  visit  Switzerland  to  see 
its  snowy  peaks,  clear  lakes  and  pretty  falls. 
The  Alps  are  partly  in  this  country. 

The  Swiss  people  make  fine  laces  and  silks. 
They  carve  many  toys  out  of  wood.  They  tend 
cattle  and  make  butter  and  cheese. 


A  Norway  fiord 


81.   Austria-Hungary  and  Switzerland 

Austria-Hungary  is  an  empire  in  the 
middle  of  the  Danube  valley.  It  consists 
mainly  of  two  countries,  Austria  and  Hun- 
gary.   One  emperor  rules  over  both. 

This  empire  has  mountains  on  nearly  all 
sides.  They  form  the  rim  of  the  Danube 
valley.  On  the  west  are  the  Alps.  On  the 
east  are  the  Carpathian  mountains.  The  soil 
of  the  Danube  valley  is  very  fertile.  Its 
products  are  like  those  of  the  Central  plain 
of  Europe. 

The  leading  crops  are  grain  and  sugar  beets. 
Many  wine  grapes  also  are  raised  here.  The 
grassy  slopes  of  the  valley  sides  feed  many 
cattle,  sheep  and  horses.  There  are  mines  of 
coal  and  iron  in  the  highlands. 


Girls  of  Norway 
working  in  a 
grain  field 


A  castle  on  the  Rhine 


The  little  Swiss  nation  is  shut  in  on  all 
sides  by  other  nations.  The  country  has  no 
seacoast. 

Geneva  is  the  best  known  city  of  this 
country.  It  is  noted  for  its  fine  watches  and 
music  boxes.  Switzerland  is  a  republic.  Its 
capital  is  Bern. 

Helps.  —  Name  the  empire  in  the  middle  of  the  Danube 
basin.  To  what  sea  do  its  large  rivers  run?  Name  two 
countries  of  this  empire.  What  mountains  are  on  the 
west  ?  —  on  the  east  ? 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  Danube  valleys  and  its 
products.    What  do  its  mines  yield  ? 

What  is  said  about  Vienna? —  about  Budapest? 

Where  is  Switzerland?  Why  do  so  many  people  visit 
it?    Tell  some  kinds  of  work  that  the  Swiss  people  do. 

What  are  made  in  Geneva  ?  What  is  the  capital  of  the 
Swiss  republic  ? 


100 


RUSSIA 


82.   Russia 

Nearly  all  Russia  is  a  plain.  Its  northern 
part  is  very  cold.  The  warm  winds  from  the 
Atlantic  do  not  reach  so  far  inland,  and  the 
soil  is  frozen  nearly  all  the  year.  Trees  can- 
not grow  there,  but  moss  for  reindeer  grows 
even  under  the  snow. 

South  of  the  frozen  plain  lies  a  forest  belt. 
Still  farther  south  are  lands  like  our  prairies, 
yielding  wheat,  rye  and  other  grains. 
There  are  also  large  tracts  of  grass  land 
where  cattle,  sheep  and  horses  graze. 


Moscow  is  near  the  center  of  Russia  and 
is  a  great  trading  city.  A  railroad  goes  from 
Moscow  across  Russia  and  Siberia  to  the  Pacific 
coast.  Warsaw,  the  chief  city  of  southwest 
Russia,  is  on  the  Vistula  river. 

Odessa  is  the  largest  port  on  the  Black  sea. 
It  is  near  the  Russian  wheat  fields,  and  many 
ships  go  to  this  port  for  grain. 

Russia  is  an  empire.    It  controls  Siberia  and 


Church  in  Moscow 


Town  near  St.  Petersburg 

The  plain  roiind  the  Cas- 
pian sea  is  too  far  from  the 
ocean  to  receive  much  rain,  but  enough  falls  there  to 
support  some  grass.    Many  cattle  feed  there. 

There  is  not  enough  rain  to  make  the  Caspian  sea 
overflow.    It  has  no  outlet  and  is  very  salt. 

There  are  large  oil  wells  near  this  sea.  Some  of  the 
petroleum  is  burned  to  heat  the  boilers  on  steamers  on 
the  Caspian  sea  and  the  rivei-s  flowing  into  it. 

Gold  and  iron  are  found  in  the  Ural  mountains,  on 
the  eastern  border  of  Russia. 

St.  Petersburg  is  the  capital  and  largest  city 
of  Russia.  This  city  is  reached  by  canals  from 
nearly  all  parts  of  Russia. 

Many  years  ago  Moscow  was  the  capital  of  Russia. 
One  of  the  rulers  saw  that  his  country  could  never  be 
great  and  strong  unless  it  had  a  port  on  the  west. 
His  name  was  Peter;  he  founded  St.  Petersburg  on 
the  low  islands  near  the  mouth  of  the  Neva  river. 

The  Neva  flows  from  lake  Ladoga,  the  largest  lake 
in  Europe,  to  the  gulf  of  Finland. 


other  parts  of  Asia.    The  ruler  is 
called  a  czar  or  emperor. 

Only  a  few  years  ago  most  of  the  poor 

people   of  Russia  were  serfs   or  slaves. 

They  worked  on  the  lands  of  the  rich  people,  or  nobles, 

and  were  sold  with  the  land.    One  of  the  czars  set 

them  free. 

Helps.  —  Name  three  seas  that  border  on  Russia.  Wliicli 
of  these  is  the  coldest?  Where  is  the  gulf  of  Bothnia? 
Where  is  the  Baltic  sea  ? 

What  low  range  is  between  Russia  and  Siberia  ?  Nann- 
a  low  range  on  tlie  southeast  border  of  Russia. 

What  is  the  longest  river  of  Russia  ?  Into  what  sea 
does  it  flow  ? 

Which  part  of  Russia  is  the  coldest  ?  What  is  said 
about  ])lant8  in  tliis  frozen  region  ? 

What  belt  lies  south  of  the  frozen  lands?  What  is  said 
of  the  lauds  still  farther  south  ?  Name  two  grains  of 
Russia.     Name  some  of  the  animals  that  graze  there. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Russia?  Tell  what  you  can  about 
this  city.  Can  you  think  why  Peter  did  not  build  his  city 
on  the  Arctic  coast  or  the  Caspian  sea  ?  What  is  said  about 
lake  Ladoga? 

What  is  said  about  Moscow  ?  —  about  Warsaw  ?  —  about 
Odessa?  Wliat  name  is  given  to  the  ruler  of  Russia? 
What  is  said  about  the  serfs  ? 

Name  a  part  of  Asia  that  is  held  by  Russia. 


ITALY 


101 


83.   Italy 

Italy  is  a  long  peninsula  south  of  the  Alps. 
The  Apennines  run  through  it  like  a  backbone. 

The  fertile  valley  of  the  Po  river  spreads 
out  from  the  foot  of  the  Alps.  Nearly  aU 
kinds  of  grain  grow- 
there. 

Oranges,  lemons, 
olives  and  grapes 
thrive  in  Italy.  The 
mulberry  tree  grows 
well  and  the  country 
is  noted  for  its  silks. 

Some  of  the  large 
cities  of  Italy  are  near 
the  west  coast.  The  most  famous  is  Rome. 
At  one  time  this  city  ruled  nearly  all  the 
known  world.  Some  of  its  ruins  can  still  be 
seen.  A  new  city  has  been  built  over  the 
ruins. 

St.  Peter's  and  the  Vatican  are  both  in 
Rome.  The  former  is  the  largest  church  or 
cathedral  in  the  world.  The  latter  is  the 
home  of  the  Pope  and  contains  many  works 
of  art.  It  has  many  famous  paintings  and 
statues.    The  king  of  Italy  lives  in  Rome. 

Naples  is  the  largest  city  in  Italy.  Its  bay 
is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world. 

The  volcano  Vesuvius  is  near  the  bay  of  Naples. 
Long  ago  the  ashes  and  lava  from  this  volcano  buried 
three  cities.^  Hundreds  of  years  passed  and  people 
no  longer  knew  where  the  cities  were  buried.  Over 
them  were  planted  vineyards  and  fruit  groves. 

At  length  the  ruins  were  found.  Out  of  the  ashes 
have  been  dug  statues,  temples,  paved  streets  and 
many  other  things.  They  show  us  how  the  people 
lived  in  those  early  years. 

In  1906  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  buried  several 
towns  and  killed  hundreds  of  people. 

Genoa  is  a  seaport  on  the  northwest  coast 
of  Italy.    Columbus  was  born  in  this  city. 

Venice  is  built  on  low  islands  not  far  from 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Po.    Canals  largely  take 

1  This  was  the  year  a.d.  79.  Pompeii  was  the  most  noted 
of  the  buried  cities. 


the  place  of  streets  in  this  city,  and  people 
travel  in  boats  or  gondolas. 

Milan  is  the  center  of  trade  in  the  Po  valley. 

Florence  is  famous  for  its  paintings  and  statues. 

The  islands  of  Sicily  and  Sardinia  belong  to 

Italy.    Sicily  produces 
lemons  and  oranges. 

Helps.  —  Where  is  Italy? 
What  is  its  shape  ?  Name  a 
mountain  range  in  it.  Name 
a  range  north  of  it.  What 
sea  is  east  of  Italy  ? 

Where  is  the  Po  river  val- 
ley ?    In  what  direction  does 
the    Po    river    flow?     Into 
what  does  it  flow?     Name 
some  of  the  fruits  of  Italy.    What  is  said  about  silks? 

Tell  all  you  can  about  Rome.  What  is  St.  Peter's? 
What  is  the  Vatican?  What  is  the  ruler  of  Italy  called? 
Where  does  he  live? 

What  is  the  largest  city  of  Italy?  What  is  said  about 
Vesuvius  ?    Where  is  Genoa  and  for  w  hat  is  it  noted  ? 

What  is  said  about 
Venice  ?  Name  the 
trade  center  of  the  Po 
valley.  For  what  is 
Florence  famous? 

Where  is  Sicily? 
To  what  country  does 
it  belong  ?  Name  two 
of  its  products.  Where 
is  Sardinia? 


near  the  Tiber  river,  Rome 


84. 


Spanish  pen- 
insula 


Girls  of  Italy 


Spain  and  Por- 
tugal occupy  a 
great  peninsula 
in  southwest  Eu- 
rope. The  Pyre- 
nees range  stands 
between  Spain 
and  France. 


The  rock  of  Gibraltar  rises  from  the  sea  on  the 
south  coast.  It  is  a  huge  mass  of  rock  near  the  strait 
of  Gibraltar.  What  sea  and  ocean  does  this  strait 
connect  ? 

This  rocky  mass  has  been  made  into  a  strong  for- 
tress.   It  is  held  by  the  British  nation. 


102 


SPAIN  AND  TURKEY 


This  peninsula  is  made 
mostly  of  plateaus.  Several 
mountain  ranges  rise  above 
them. 

The  plateaus  of  the  penin- 
sula are  not  very  high.  They 
do  not  receive  enough  rain 
and  few  trees  grow  on  them. 
Along  the  coast  and  in  the 
river  valleys  there  are  fertile 
plains  where  grain  and  fruits 
grow.  Here  are  grapes,  or- 
anges, olives  and  nuts.  Most 
of  the  olives  are  pressed  for 
their   oil.     Nearly  all   the  Spanish  boy 

grapes  are  pressed   for  wine,  but  some   are 
dried  and  sold  as  raisins. 

Many  cattle  and  sheep  graze  on  the  uplands. 
Spain  has  rich  mines  of  iron,  copper  and  quick- 
silver. 

Madrid  is  the  capital  and  largest  city  of 
Spain.    It  is  on  a  plateau  not  far  from 
the  center  of  the  country.    The  king 
lives  in  Madrid. 

Barcelona  is  the  largest  port  of 
Spain.  It  is  on  the  east  coast.  This 
city  exports  wine,  fruits  and  olive  oil. 

Columbus  sailed  in  the  year 
1492  from  the  little  port  of  Palos, 
in  Spain. 

Portugal  is  west  of  Spain .  The 
two  countries  have  about  the  same  kinds 
of  products. 

Lisbon  is  the  capital  of  Portugal  and  the 
home  of  the  king. 

Brazil  was  settled  by  white 
people  from  Portugal.  The  white 
people  of  the  rest  of  South  Amer- 
ica are  mostly  of  Spanish  descent. 
Spanish  people  also  settled  Mex- 
ico, Cuba  and  Porto  Rico. 

Helps.  —  What  two  countries  are 

in  the  Spanish  peninsula  ?    Where  is 

it?     What  mountains  are  hetween 

France  and  Spain?    Tell  what  you 

Turkish  woman  can  about  Gibraltar. 


What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  this  peninsxila?  Which 
parts  of  the  peninsula  have  but  little  rain?  Where  are 
the  most  fertile  lands?  Name  some  of  the  fruits.  What 
use  is  made  of  olives  ?  —  of  grapes  ? 

Name  two  useful  animals  of  the  peninsula.  Name  three 
products  of  the  mines. 

What  and  where  is  the  capital  of  Spain  ?  What  kind  of 
government  has  Spain  ?  Name  the  largest  seaport.  Where 
is  it  ?    Name  some  of  its  exports. 

Where  is  Palos  ?    For  what  is  it  noted  ? 

Where  is  Portugal?  What  is  said  about  its  products? 
Name  its  capital. 

What  is  said  about  the  people  from  Spain  and  Portugal 
in  America?  The  Balearic  islands  and  Canary  islands  (see 
page  132)  belong  to  Spain  ;  where  are  they  ? 

85.   Turkish  peninsula 

The  Turkish  peninsula  is  south  of  the  Dan- 
ube valley.  It  contains  several  coimtries. 
The  largest  is  Turkey. 

The  ruler  of  Turkey  is  called  a  sultan.  He 
lives  in  Constantinople.  This  city  is  on  the 
strait  of  Bosphorus,  the  outlet  of  the  Black 
sea.  The  Bosphorus  is  a  river, 
but  is  called  a  strait. 

The  people  of 
Turkey  are  very 
poor.  The  ruler 
taxes  them  cruelly. 


Rock  of  Gibraltar  and  the  lookout  tower 

and  they  cannot  help  make  any  of  the  laws. 

A  large  part  of  Turkey  is  in  southwest  Asia. 

Turkey  is  mostly  hilly  land,  but  many  cattle 
and  sheep  feed  on  the  grassy  slopes.  Wheat, 
tobacco  and  grapes  grow  in  many  of  the  fertile 
valleys. 


SPAIN  AND  TUliKEY 


103 


4       Longftude     West     2      trom      Greenwich     0      Longitude      EhbI        2     from      Greenwich      4 


4      LonRltifde        West        2      from         Greenwich       0       Longitude        East      2    from        Greenwich 


There  are  several  small  countries  in  south' 
east  Europe.    Among  them  are 
RouMAisriA    and    Bulgaria. 
They  border  on  the  Black  sea. 

South  of  Turkey  is  the  little 
country  of  Greece.  This  was 
one  of  the  most  famous  lands 
of  ancient  times.  Its  capital  is 
Athens.  The  city  has  many 
ruins  of  temples. 

The  Greeks  of  long  ago  made 
the  most  beautiful  statues  in  the 
world.  They  carved  them  in  fine  marble  taken 
from   the   hills   near  Athens.     Hundreds  of 
these  statues  have  been  taken  from  Greece 


and  carried  to  art  museums  in  other  countries. 
Many  of  them  are  in  Paris  and  London. 


Helps.  —  Where  is  the  Turkish  penin- 
sula ?  Between  what  seas  is  it  ?  Name  the 
largest  country  in  this  peninsula. 

What  is  the  ruler  of  Turkey  called? 
What  is  the  capital  of  Turkey?  Where 
is  this  city  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  people  of  Tur- 
key ?  Name  some  of  the  products.  Where 
is  the  island  of  Crete  ?    See  page  89. 

Name  two  small  countries  that  border 
on  the  Black  sea.  On  what  river  is  Ser- 
via  ?    On  what  sea  is  Montenegro  ? 

What  country  is  south  of  Turkey? 
What  is  its  capital?  Can  you  teU  why 
many  people  visit  Athens? 


104 


a. 


§ 
% 


a 


r 


MAP  STUDIES  ON  ASIA 


105 


<1 
m 


106 


SURFACE   OF  ASIA 


twice  as  high.    Their  summits  are  white  Avith 
snow  all  the  year. 

Tibet  lies  between  the  Himalayas  on  the 
south,  the  Kuen-Lun  mountains  on  the  north, 
and  the  Hindu  Kush  range  on  the  west.  See 
map  on  page  107.  The  highest  peaks  are  in 
the  Himalaya  mountains. 

The  word  "  Himalaya"  means  home  of  snow.  Some 
of  the  peaks  of  this  huge  chain  are  five  and  a  half  miles 
above  the  sea.    Mt.  Everest  is  the  highest  peak  known. 

Snow  buries  the  tops  of  the  Himalaya 
mountains.  The  snow  line  is  far  down  the 
slopes.  The  teds  of  snow  on  the  peaks  melt 
and  feed  large  rivei-s.  Many  of  them  flow 
south  into  India. 

The  Himalayas  rise  between  the  landn 
of  the  white  jieople  of  India  and  the 
yellow  people  of  Tibet. 


the  sea.  A  large  part  of  China  is  hilly.  The 
part  near  the  Yellow  sea  is  a  wide  fertile  plain. 

Indo-China  is  east  of  India  and  south  of 
China.  Some  of  its  long  valleys  between  the 
ranges  are  very  fertile. 

Nearly  all  of  southwest  Asia  is  high  land. 
Large  areas  are  dry  and  sandy.  Only  a  little 
rain  falls.  Moist  winds  from  the  ocean  do  not 
often  blow  here. 

Helps.  —  What  is  .said  about,  the  size  of  Asia?  —  about 

its  coast  ?  Which 
part  of  Asia  is  high- 
est ?  What  is  said 
about  the  height  of 
the  plateau  and  the 
ranges?  Xame 
tliree  great  moun- 
tain ranges  that 


Woman  of  India 


Benares  on  the  Ganges 


Vast  plains  stretch  away  from  Tibet  to  the 
shores  of  three  oceans.  On  the  north  is  the 
plain  of  Siberia,  east  of  the  plain  of  Russia. 
Long  rivers  from  the  highland  flow  north  to 
the  Arctic  coast. 

The  plains  round  the  Caspian  sea  send  no  water  to 
the  ocean.  They  are  mostly  below  sea  level.  There  is 
not  rain  enough  to  fill  the  Caspian  and  make  it  over- 
flow.   The  plains  produce  some  grass  for  cattle. 

South  of  Tibet  are  the  plains  of  India. 
They  are  warm  and  fertile.  Part  of  the  year 
they  have  heavy  rains.  The  Ganges  is  the 
largest  river  in  India.  It  flows  from  melting 
snow  and  ice  far  up  on  the  Himalayas. 

China  slopes  east  from  the  highland  of 
Tibet.    Long  rivers  flow  down   the  slope  to 


order  on  Tibet.    Which  is  the  highest  range? 

Whatdoes  "  Himalaya"  mean?    How  high 

are  some  of  the  jieaks  of  this  i-ange  ?    Name 

the  liighest  jieak.    What  is  said  about  snow 

on  this  range  ? 

What  i-aces  of  people  does  this  high  range  separate? 

What  race  lives  in  China  ?  —  in  India  ?    Where  is  the  plain 

of  Siberia?    To  what  ocean  do  most  of  its  rivers  fiow? 

What  ]ilain  is  west  of  Siberia?    What  is  said  about  the 

plain  round  the  Caspian  sea?    Wliat  does  lesson  82  tell 

about  the  Ca.spian? 

What  is  said  about  the  plains  of  India?  Where  does 
the  river  Ganges  rise  1  What  great  empire  slopes  east 
from  the  liighlaiid  of  Tibet?  What  i.s  said  about  the  sur- 
face of  t'hina? 

Where  is  Indo-China?    Canyon  tliink  why  it  was  given 
this  name?    What  is  said  about  its  valleys? 
What  is  said  about  southwest  Asia? 
Where  is  tlie  desert  of  (lobi  ?    How  are  deserts  shown  on 
tlie  map  on  i>age  107?    What  mountains  are  east  of  this 
desert  ? 

Turkestan  is  shut  in  by  high  uiountains  ;  can  you  think 
wliy  it  is  largely  a  desert?  Where  is  the  great  desert  penin- 
sula of  Arabia? 


Mexico 


?       Central  America       S  Colombia 


jopejqB~| 


BSuinc)  jeddf)        o 


108 


CLIMATE   A:^D  plants 


H   lEMPER^JC 


88.    Climate 

Southern  Asia  is  in  the  torrid  zone.  Part 
of  India  and  Indo-China 
is  in  this  hot  zone.  Dur- 
ing the  hotter  months 
they  have  plenty  of  rain. 
India  has  warm  rains 
from  the  Indian  ocean. 

The  northern  part  ol 
Asia  is  in  the  frigid  zone 
This  part  is  near  the 
shore  of  the  Arctic  ocean. 
The  coldest  lands  known 
in  the  world  are  here. 

The  rest  of  the  conti- 
nent is  in  the  temperate 
zone.  This  is  a  very 
wide  zone.  Its  northern 
part  is  cold  and  has  short  5u 

summers   and    very    long   winters.     Most   of 
Siberia  is  in  this  cold  half  of  the  zone. 

China  and  most  of  Japan 
are  in  the  warm  half  of  the 


The  middle  of  Asia,  among  the  high  ranges, 
is  dry.    The  winds  from  the  sea  lose  their 

rain  in  passing  over  the 
ranges,  before  they  reach 
so  far  inland. 

Southwest  Asia  has 
little  rain.  Most  of  the 
fertile  places  are  where 
water  from  rivers  is  led 
in  ditches  or  canals  over 
the  land. 


SOUTH 


TEMPERATE 


..'-'^o^' 


Tea  farm 


temperate  zone.    The  extreme  southern  part 
of  China  enters  the  torrid  zone. 


Helps. — Which  part  of  Asia 
is  ill  the  torrid  zone?  Which 
part  is  in  the  frigid  zone?  In 
which  zone  is  most  of  the  con- 
tinent ? 

^^^  .  Which  part  of  the  temperate 

,  zone  is  coldest  ?    In  wliich  part 

^^'  of  this  zone  are  nearly  all  of 

Japan  and  China? 

What  is  said  about  rains  in  India? —  in  southwest  Asia? 

—  in  the  middle  part  of  Asia?    Why  is  middle  Asia  dry? 

89.    Plants 

The  tea  plant  grows  in  the  east  and  south- 
east  parts    of   Asia.     Japan    and    China  are 
noted  for  tea. 

Tea  plants  grow  best  in  hot  lands.   Every  few  months 
the  leaves  are  ready  to  be  picked.    The  young  leaves 
make  tea  of  the  best  flavor. 

The  leaves  that  are  to  make  black  tea 

are  first  spread  out  to  dry.    They  are  then 

heated.    Next  they  are  rolled  in  the  hands 

press  out  the  juices.    The  leaves  dry  and  turn 

black.    They  are  ready  to  be  packed  in  boxes. 

To  make  green  tea  the  same  kind  of  leaves 

are  dried  very  quickly  after  picking. 

It  takes  several  pounds  of  fresh  leaves  to 
one  pound  of  tea.  Unroll  some  tea  grounds 
on  will  see  tea  leaves. 

Rice  is  a  kind  of  grain.  Much  of  it  gi-ows 
wet  lands  of  east  and  southeast  Asia, 
of  people  live  on  rice.  Cotton  and 
sugar  cane  are  raised  in  about  the  same  parts 
of  Asia,  from  Japan  to  India.  Wheat  and  millet 
also  grow  there.  Millet  is  a  grain.  It  is  used 
for  food  in  China  and  other  parts  of  Asia. 


PLANTS 


109 


The  mulberry  tree  grows  in  the  warm  and 
moist  parts  of  Asia,  from  Japan  and  China 
to  India.  The  people  of  southeast  Asia  spin 
silk  into  thread  and  weave  fine  silk  cloth. 

Ceylon,  an  island  south  of  India,  is  noted 
for  tea.  Cinnamon  also  comes  from  this  island. 
Java,  an  island  southeast  of  Asia,  is  famous 
for  coffee  and  spices.    This  is  Java  coffee. 

Some  of  the  river  valleys  of  southwest 
Asia  produce    wheat,    dates    and   figs. 
Coffee  grows  well  near  the  shores  of 
the  Red  sea.    This  is  Mocha  coffee. 

Bamboo  grows  in  southeast  Asia 
and  the  islands   of   the  East 
Indies.   It  is  like  a  giant  grass, 
and  often  grows  seventy  ^ 

feet  high.     Its  stem 


Among  the  useful  trees  is  teak.  It  thrives  in 
Indo-China.  The  wood  is  carved  into  beautiful 
furniture.    Some  of  it  is  used  in  building  ships. 

Helps.  —  Where  does  the  tea  plant  grow  1    Tell  all  you 
can  about  tea.    What  does  the  pic- 
ture show  about  tea  ? 


is  hollow  and 
it  floats  easily.    The 
people  use  it  in   making  boats. 

Bamboo  has  many  other  uses. 
Its  young  and  tender  tops  are 
cooked  for  food.  Its  hollow  joints 
are  made  into  dishes.  This  plant 
is  used  also  in  making  all  kinds  of  furniture 
such  as  the  brown  and  the  yellow  people  use. 

Rattan  also  grows  in  these  hot  lands.  You 
have  seen  "  cane-seat  "  chairs.  The  cane  is  rat- 
tan cut  into  thin  strips. 

The  banyan  tree  grows  in  these  same  regions. 
Long  shoots  grow  down  from  its  branches  and 
take  root.  One  tree  may  thus  cover  a  large  area. 


Name  three  kinds  of  grain  and  a  useful  fiber  plant  that 
grow  in  east  and  southeast  Asia.  Where  does  the  mulberry 
tree  grow?  What  have  you  learned  about  silk?  See  lesson  7S. 

Where  is  Ceylon?  Where  is  Java?  See  Java  on  the  map 
of  Australia.  Name  some  products  of  these  islands.  Name 
some  products  of  southwest  Asia.  Name  two  kinds  of 
coifee  and  tell  where  each  grows. 

Where  does  bamboo  grow  ?  Tell  all  you  can  about  it. 
What  is  said  about  rattan?  —  about  the  banyan  tree?  — 
about  the  teak  tree  ? 


110 


ANIMALS 


90.  Animals 


The  white  bear,  the  seal  and  many  sea  birds 
are  found  near  the  Arctic  shore.  In  the  cold 
parts  of  Siberia  tribes  of  yellow  people  keep 
herds  of  reindeer.  Large  deer  called  elks 
live  in  the  forests  of  Siberia.  Many  little  fur 
animals  also  live  in  these  cold  forests. 

The  yak  is  found  in  the  highland  of  Tibet. 
This  is  a  very  useful  animal.    It  carries 
heavy  loads  on  its  back.     It  supplies 
milk  and  meat  for  food,  and  warm 
skins  for  clothing.  ^ 

Camels  with  two  humps  live  in 

the  dry  central  parts  of  Asia. 

They  are  very  useful  animals. 

Camels  with  one  hump 

are  found  in  southwest  ;'""^ 

i' 


Many  gavials  feed  in  the  delta  mouths  of  the 
Ganges  river. 

The  warm  parts  of  Asia  have  many  birds, 
snakes  and  monkeys.  One  of  the  most  poison- 
ous snakes  is  called  the  cobra,  or  hooded  snake. 
It  kills  many  people. 


Asia  and  Africa 
India  has  many  large 
animals.    Great  elephants  live  in 
the  dense  forests  or  jungles.    Tigers 
lumt  in  the  same  places.    Here  also 
during  the  day  the  rhinoceros  sleeps  in  the 
swamps,  but  at  night  comes  out  to  feed  on 
bushes  and  grass. 

Two  of  the  most  useful  animals  are  the 
zebu  and  the  buffalo.  Zebus  are  cattle.  They 
have  humps  on  their  shoulders.  These  ani- 
mals do  the  same  kind  of  work  as  oxen. 
Most  of  the  zebus  are  in  India. 

Large  crocodiles  live  in  the  rivers  of  south- 
ern   Asia.     One    kind    is   called   the   gavial. 


Helps.  —  Name  some  animals  found  near  the  Arctic 
shores.    Tell  what  you  can  about  reindeer. 

^Vhere  are  elks  found?  In  what  part  of  Asia  are  there 
many  fur  animals  ? 

Can  you  think  why  good  fur-bearing  animals  are  not 
found  in  hot  countries?  Tell  what  you  can  about  the  yak  ; 
about  camels. 

How  do  the  camels  of  central  Asia  differ  from  many  of 
those  of  southwest  Asia  and  the  desert  of  Sahara  ? 


1 


PEOPLE 


111 


People  of  India 

Brown    people    are   often 


Name  some  of  the  large  wild  animals  of  India.  What  is  the 
largest  animal  you  have  seen  ?  What  is  said  about  the  zebu  ? 

What  long  animal  is  found 
in  the  rivers  of  southern  Asia'.' 
Name  some  other  animals  of 
the  warm  parts  of  Asia. 

91.   People 

Asia  is  the  home  of 
tliree  races  of  men. 
They  are  the  brown, 
the  yellow  and  the 
white  races. 

Brown  people  live 
on  the  islands  south- 
east of  Asia.  Many 
also  live  on  the  long 
Malay  peninsula, 
called  Malays. 

The  brown  people  raise  spices,  coffee,  sugar 
cane,  rice  and  many  other  useful  plants. 
They  have  herds  of  buffaloes 
and  other  animals.  They 
make  cloth  and  metal  goods. 
They  build  cities  and  trade 
with  foreign  nations. 

On  some  of  the  smaller 
islands  the  brown  people  are 
savages. 

The  yellow  people  live 
north  and  east  of  the  high- 
land of  Tibet.  Most  of  the 
yellow  people  live  in  China 
and  Japan.  About  one  fourth 
of  all  the  people  in  the  world 
are  in  China.  Tribes  of  poor 
A  Java  girl  yelloAv  people  live  in  the  cold 
parts  of  Siberia  and  Europe. 

The  yellow  people  raise  tea,  rice  and  many 
other  products.  They  have  large  cities. 
Great  ships  visit  their  ports  to  trade. 

Most  of  the  people  of  India  and  southwest 
Asia  belong  to  the  white  race.  India  contains 
one  fifth  of  the  human  race.  It  is  thought 
that  our  forefathers  of  long  ago  came  from 
middle  or  southwest  Asia.    See  lesson  74. 


The  white  people  in  Asia  raise  about  the 
same  products  as  the  yellow  and  the  brown 
people. 

Many  white  people  from 
Russia  in  Europe  have 
moved  or  been  sent  into 
Siberia.  They  have  built 
cities  in  the  warmer  part 
of  that  country.  , 

A  little  over  half  of  all  the 
people  in  the  world  live  in  Asia. 
The  two  most  thickly  settled  re- 
gions are  the  plain  of  China  and 
India.  The  former  is  settled  by 
\  ellow  people  and  the  latter  by 
white  people.  The  highlands  of 
middle  Asia  and  the  cold  plains 
of  Siberia  have  few  people.  Mil- 
lions of  brown  people  live  in  the  East  Indies. 

Helps.  —  Name  three  races  of  people  in  Asia. 

Where  do  most  of  the  brown  people  live?  Can  you 
think  why  they  are  often  called  Malays?  Name  some  of 
the  products  raised  by  these  people. 

In  what  part  of  Asia  do  yellow  people  make  their  home? 
In  what  countries  are  most  of  them  found?  What  is  said 
about  the  number  of  people  in  China?  What  tribes  live  in 
Siberia?  Name  some  products  raised  by  the  yellow  people. 
What  else  is  said  about  the  yellow  people  ? 


A  Chinaman 


Arab  family ;  white  people  of  southwest  Asia 

In  what  parts  of  Asia  do  white  people  live  ?  What  is 
said  about  their  products?  To  what  two  races  do  the 
people  of  Siberia  belong?  From  what  part  of  Europe  did 
the  white  people  of  Siberia  come? 

What  is  said  about  the  number  of  people  in  Asia?  What 
two  parts  are  most  thickly  settled  ? 


112 


CHINESE  EMPIKE 


92.    Chinese  empire 

The  Chinese  empire  covers  one  fourth  of 
Asia  and  is  larger  than  the  United  States. 

The  western  part  of  the  Chinese  empire  is 
Tibet.  It  has  some  of  the  highest  mountains 
on  the  earth.  Most  of  Tibet  is  a  desert.  It  is 
very  high  and  cold.  There  is  only  a  short 
summer.  Nearly  all  the  people  live  near 
rivers  that  flow  from  melting  snow. 

The  northern  part  of  this  empire  is  called 
Mongolia.  The  Atlas  mountains  are  on  the 
north  and  the  Khinghan  mountains  on  the 
east.  On  the  west  rises  the  lofty  Thian-Shan 
range.  Mongolia 
is  so  far  from  the 
sea  and  so  shut 
in  by  mountains 
that  it  has  but 
little  rain.  The 
desert  of  Gobi  is 
in  this  region. 
Around  it  are 
grass  lands  where 
camels,  sheep  and 
horses  graze.  The 
towns  are  small  and  the  people  are  very  poor. 

East  of  Mongolia  lies  Manchuria.   It  reaches  the 
Amur  river  on  the  north.    This  is  the  region  over 
which  the  Eussians  and  Japanese  have  lately  been  at 
war,  but  it  belongs  to  China. 

The  part  of  the  Chinese  empire  east  of 
Tibet  is  China.  Most  of  it  is  hilly.  There 
are  low  lands  in  the  river  valleys  and  near 
the  coast. 

Two  large  rivers  rise  in  Tibet  and  flow 
eastward  across  China.  One  of  these  is  the 
Yellow  river.  It  is  also  called  the  Hoangho 
river.  The  other  is  the  Yangtze.  These  two 
rivers  have  made  the  largest  delta  in  the  world. 
It  is  called  the  plain  of  China. 

The  plain  of  China  is  made  of  yellow  mud  which 
the  rivers  have  brought  down.  The  mud  settles  near 
the  mouths  of  the  rivers.  Every  year  the  plain  is 
growing  into  the  sea,  aa  new  mud  islands  are  made. 


Few  steamers  try  to  go  up  the  Yellow  river.  In 
places  it  runs  very  swiftly.  In  other  places  the  mud 
makes  bars  in  the  water.  This  river  has  often  burst 
its  banks  and  drowned  thousands  of  people.  It  is  called 
"  China's  sorrow."  Only  a  few  cities  have  been  built 
near  the  river. 

The  Yangtze  river  is  deep  and  steamers  can  go  over 
a  thousand  miles  up  from  the  sea.  Large  cities  have 
been  built  on  its  banks. 

This  delta  plain  lies  along  a  large  part  of 
the  coast  of  China.  It  also  extends  far  up  the 
Yangtze  river.  This  is  the  most  fertile  part 
of  China.  In  this  plain  live  nearly  one  fifth 
of  all  the  people  in  the  world.  The  soil  must 
be  very  rich  to  supply  them 
with  food. 

The  mulberry  tree  grpws  in 

nearly  all  parts  of  China.   Silk 

is  a  leading  product. 

Rice  and  cotton  grow  best 

in  the  warm  lands  in 

the  south  of  China. 

Tea  grows  in  the 

hilly  lands  of 

western    and 

southern  China. 

The     Chinese 
were   the   first   to 
make  gunpowder 
and  firecrackers. 
A  Chinese  village  They  were  also  the 

first  to  print  on 
paper.  This  they  did  before  white  people  knew  how. 
The  Chinese  have  only  a  few  miles  of  railroad. 
They  know  little  about  machines  for  making  cloth. 
Other  nations  have  better  ways  of  making  iron  and 
steel  goods.  The  masses  of  Chinese  do  not  wish  to 
change  their  ways.  They  believe  they  must  do  their 
work  just  as  their  forefathers  did.  But  the  Chinese  of 
the  seaports  are  learning  much  from  white  people  wlio 
go  there  to  trade. 

The  Chinese  are  a  very  old  nation.  They  have  some 
of  the  largest  cities  in  the  world.  They  made  fine 
silks  and  dishes  or  china  ware  long  before  the  people 
of  Europe  knew  how. 

The  emperor  of  China  lives  in  Peking,  the 
capital.    This  city  is  about  as  large  as  Chicago. 


ii 


EMPIRE   OF  JAPAN 


113 


Hongkong  is  a  small  island  near  the  coast 
of  China.  It  belongs  to  the  British  people. 
Most  of  the  people  of  Hongkong  are  Chinese. 
There  are  only  a  few  thousand  white  people 
there.  Hongkong  has  over  half  the  foreign 
trade  of  China.  Tea  and  silk  are  the  chief 
products  sold  by  China. 

Canton  is  the  largest  port  of  China.  It  is  on 
a  small  river  about  a  day's  sail  from  Hong- 
kong. Shanghai  is  one  of  many  other  large 
ports  in  China. 

Helps.  —  How  large  is  the  Chinese  empire?  Where  is 
Tibet  ?    Tell  all  you  can  about  it. 

What  is  said  about  the  northern  part  of  the  Chinese 
empire?    Where  is  the  desert  of  Gobi?    What  ani- 
mals feed  near  this  dry  region?    What  mountains 
border  on  Mongolia?    What  river  flows  along  the 
northern  border  of  Manchuria? 

What  name  is  given  to  the  part  of  the  Chinese 
empire  east  of  Tibet?  Which  part  of  China  is  level 
land  ?  Name  two  large  rivers  that  cross  China.  Where 
do  they  rise?  What  great  work  has  been  done  by 
these  rivers?  Why  is  the  plain  of  China  growing 
larger?  Why  are  there  few  steamers  on  the  Yellow- 
river?  Why  have  only  a  few  cities  been  built  near 
this  river? 

What  is  said  about  steamers  on  the  Yangtze  river  ? 
How  can  steamers  help  to  make  cities  grow  ?  Why  is 
the  Yellow  river  called  "  China's  sorrow  "? 

In  which  part  of  China  is  the  low  plain?     How 
many  people  live  on  this  plain  ?     In  which  parts  of 
China  does  the  mulberry  tree  grow?    Of  what  use  is  this 
tree?    Name  some  products  of  China. 

Tell  all  you  can  about  the  Chinese  people.  What  name 
is  given  to  the  ruler  of  China?  Where  does  he  live?  In 
what  part  of  China  is  Peking? 

What  and  where  is  Hongkong?  To  what  nation  does 
it  belong?  What  is  said  of  its  trade ?  What  are  the  chief 
exports  of  China?  Name  the  largest  port  of  China.  Where 
is  it  ?   What  great  river  reaches  the  sea  north  of  Shanghai  ? 

93.   Empire  of  Japan 

Japan  consists  of  a  chain  of  islands  east  of 
Asia.  Mountains  run  like  a  backbone  through 
the  islands.  The  slopes  to  the  sea  are  narrow 
and  the  rivers  are  short  and  swift.  They  turn 
many  mill  wheels.  Some  of  the  water  is  led 
into  large  rice  fields.  There  are  many  fertile 
valleys  and  plains  in  Japan. 


These  islands  are  across  the  ocean  west  of 
the  United  States.  They  are  mostly  in  the 
warm  half  of  the  temperate  zone.  Most  parts 
of  this  group  of  islands  have  plenty  of  rain. 

The  chief  grain  of  Japan  is  rice.  Other 
grains  also  are  raised  here.  Tea  is  a  leading 
product.    Japan  sells  tea  but  buys  sugar. 

The  mulberry  tree  grows  in  Japan.  Silk 
cloth  is  made  and  sold  by  the  people,  but  they 
buy  a  great  deal  of  cotton  and  woolen  cloth 
from  other  lands.  Japan  also  makes  cotton 
cloth,  but  it  has  to  buy  the  cotton  fiber. 

Japan  has  coal  and  some  iron,  but  also  buys 
iron  from  other  countries.    Iron  ships  are  built 


A  Japanese  village 

in  Japan.    There   are  railroads  between   the 
large  cities. 

The  United  States  buys  more  than  any  other 
country  from  Japan,  but  the  British  people 
sell  the  most  goods  to  that  country. 

Helps.  —  Why  are  the  rivers  of  Japan  short  and  steep? 
Of  what  use  are  the  rivers  ?    What  is  said  of  the  mountains  ? 

What  can  you  tell  about  the  seasons  of  Japan?  What  is 
the  chief  grain  of  Japan  ?  Name  another  product  of  Japan 
that  grows  also  in  China. 

What  useful  tree  grows  in  both  Japan  and  China  ?  What 
worm  helps  to  clothe  many  people  ?  What  is  said  about  silk? 
What  kinds  of  cloth  does  Japan  buy  ?  Why  does  Japan  have 
to  buy  cotton  fiber  ?  Name  two  kinds  of  cloth  made  in  the 
mills  of  Japan. 

Name  two  products  of  the  mines  of  Japan.  What  coun- 
try buys  the  most  from  Japan?  What  country  sells  the 
most  to  Japan  ? 


114 


SOUTHEAST  ASIA 


The  Japanese  people  belong  to  the  yellow 
race.    They  have  made   more  progress  than 


lillHnn     nf    \i'll(iW    |)0(i|)l(' 


any  othei 

About 
four  mil- 
lion chil- 
dren are  in 
the  schools 
of  Japan, 
and  many 
young  men 
have  been 
sent  to  the 
best  schools 
in  foreign 
countries. 
Some  also 
have  gone 
to  the  work- 
shops  to 
study  how 
other  nar 
tions  do 
their  work. 
They  study 
the  m  a^ 
chines  and 
learn   how 

to  use  them.  This  is  why  the  peo- 
ple of  Japan  have  made  more  prog- 
ress than  the  people  of  China. 

The  people  of  both  China  and  Japan  are  famous 
for  silks  and  dishes.  They  are  also  very  skillful  in 
carving  wood  and  ivory.  They  make  fans  and  other 
pretty  things  oiit  of  paper. 


To  what  race  do  the  Japanese  belong?  What  is  said 
about  the  schools  of  Japan  ?  In  what  ways  do  these  people 
try  to  learn  ?  What  else  is  said  about  the  people  of  Japan? 
What  is  the  ruler  of  Japan  called  ? 

What  is  the  capital  of  Japan?  What  is  said  about  it? 
What  is  the  port  for  Tokyo  ?    For  what  is  Kyoto  noted  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  British  Isles  and  Japan? 

Southeast 

Southeast  Asia  is  a  large  peninsula.  Long 
ranges  run  into  it  from  Tibet.  Swift  rivers 
flow  in  the  long  valleys  between  the  ranges. 
The  Mekong  river  is  the  largest. 

The  river  valleys  of 
Indo-China  are  fertile. 
They  are  all  in  the  tor- 
rid zone. 

The  chief  crop  is  rice. 
Other  products  are  to- 
bacco, sugar  and  spices. 


The  emperor  is  called 


Japan  is  an  empire 
the  mikado. 

Tokyo  is  the  capital  of  Japan.  It  is  on  the 
island  of  Hondo.  This  city  is  very  large,  but 
not  so  large  as  Chicago.  Tokyo  is  famous  for 
its  temples  and  beautiful  gardens.  There  are 
many  workshops  in  the  city. 

Yokohama  is  the  port  of  Tokyo.  This  city 
has  a  large  trade  with  foreign  countries. 

Kyoto  is  noted  for  its  great  temples. 

We  have  read  about  the  British  Isles  west 
of  Europe.  The  islands  of  Japan  have  a 
little  greater  area  and  a  larger  number  of 
people. 


A  Malay  home 

The  teak  and 
other  trees  sup- 
ply  valuable 
lumber.  There 
are  good  grass 
lands  for  cattle. 

French 
I  Jf  D  o-C  H  I  N  A. 
The  eastern 
part  of  the  pen- 


A  Malay  boy 

insula  is  held  by  France  and  is  called  French 
Indo-China.  Most  of  it  is  east  of  the  Mekong 
river.    Part  of  it  is  Anam. 

SiAM  is  west  of  the  Mekong  river.  This 
country  has  its  own  king.  The  people  are 
very  poor.    The  soil  is  not  planted  with  care. 

Rice  is  the  leading  crop  of  Siam.  Most  of 
the  people  live  on  this  grain. 


THE  EAST  INDIES 


115 


Straits  Settlements.  The  lower  part  of 
the  Malay  peninsula  belongs  to  the  British 
nation.  It  is  called  the  Straits  Settlements. 
A  strait  separates  it  from  the  island  of 
Sumatra. 

Near  the  south  end  of  the  peninsula  is  the 
city  of  Singapore.  It  is  on  a  small  island  of 
the  same  name. 

Singapore  is  a  great  seaport.    It  has  a  deep 
harbor.    Most  of  the  tin  used  in  the  world  is 
sent  from  this  port. 

Nearly  all  the  people  of 
southeast  Asia  belong  to  the 
yellow  race.  Many  brown 
people  live  in  the  Malay 
peninsula. 

Helps.  —  Describe  the  surface  of 
southeast  Asia.  Look  at  the  map  on 
page  107  and  tell  what  you  can  about 
the  Mekong  river. 

In  what  zone  is  the  peninsula  of 
southeast  Asia?  Name  some  oi  the 
products.  Which  part  of  southeast 
Asia  is  held  by  the  French  nation? 
Where  is  Anam  ?  —  Siam  ?  What  is 
said  about  the  people  of  Siam  ?  What 
is  the  chief  food  ? 
Where  is  the  Malay  peninsula?  Where  are  the  Straits 
Settlements  ?    TeU  what  you  can  about  Singapore. 

To  what  race  do  most  of  the  people  of  southeast  Asia 
belong?    What  race  is  in  the  Malay  peninsula? 

95.   The  East  Indies 

The  islands  southeast  of  India  are  called 
the  East  Indies.  The  largest  are  Borneo, 
Sumatra  and  Java.  Most  of  the  people 
belong  to  the  brown  race. 

The  East  Indies  are  in  the  torrid  zone. 
The  soil  is  rich  and  there  is  plenty  of  rain. 
The  brown  people  raise  many  kinds  of  spice. 
Here  are  trees  that  yield  clove  buds,  and 
others  that  yield  nutmegs.  Here  are  pepper 
berries  and  sweet  cinnamon  bark.  Here  also 
are  the  plants  that  supply  ginger  root. 

These  islands  send  coffee  and  sugar  to 
many  countries.  They  also  have  large  fields 
of    rice    and  tobacco.     Perhaps  the    bamboo 


Han  of  Borneo 


poles  we  use  for  fishing  were  cut  in  these 
far-off  islands. 

Java  is  the  richest  of  the  islands.  Coffee, 
tea,  sugar,  rice,  tobacco  and  spices  are  its 
principal  products. 
Many  kinds  of  fruit 
grow  in  the  island. 
Java  has  nearly  one 
third  as  many  people 
as  the  United  States. 
Nearly  aU  belong  to 
the  brown  race. 

Sumatra  and  Java 
have  many  volca- 
noes. Sumatra  has 
few  people  for  so 
large  an  island.  Its 
products  are  like 
those  of  Java. 

Borneo  is  the  largest  island  in  the  world, 
but  it  has  only  as  many  people  as  Chicago. 

Java,  Sumatra  and  the  Celebes  or  "  spice 
islands  "  belong  to  the  Dutch,  or  people  of  Hol- 
land. Part  of  Borneo  is  held  by  the  Dutch  and 
part  by  the  British  nation. 

Helps.  —  Where  are  the  East  Indies  ?  Name  three  of 
the  islands.  To  what  race  do  most  of  the  natives  belong  ? 
In   what   zone  are  these   islands?    Which    is  the   richest 


Man  of  Sumatra 


Village  on  the  Mekong  river 

island  of  the  group?    Name  the  chief  products  of  Java. 
How  many  people  live  in  Java? 

What  can  you  say  about  Sumatra?  Name  the  largest 
island  in  the  world.  Name  some  islands  held  by  the 
Dutch.     What  nations  in  Europe  claim  Borneo? 


116 


PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS 


May6n,  an  active  volcano  in  Luzon.     The  pea 


96.    Philippine  islands 

The  Philippine  islands  are  under  the  care  of 
the  United  States.  This  group  of  islands  lies 
far  across  the  Pacific  ocean,  southeast  of  Asia. 

The  raised 
map  gives  the 
names  of  the  is- 
lands and  shows 
the  mountains, 
valleys  and  riv- 
ers. The  islands 
were  largely  built 
by  volcanoes. 
There  are  several 
active  peaks,  one 
of  which  is  shown 
in  the  picture 
above. 

The  ranges  run 
mostly  north  and 


The  main  business  street  in  Manila 


k  li  ;92i  luel  hi^li 

south.     There  are  many  valleys,  slopes  and 
plains  with  very  deep  and  rich  soil. 

These  islands  are  in  the  torrid  zone.    There 
is  no  winter,  but  there  is  a  dry  season  and  a 

rainy  season. 
The  rains  are 
heavy,  and  lakes, 
rivers  and  small 
streams  abound. 
Tobacco,  sugar 
and  hemp  are 
leading  products. 
The  hemp  is  a 
fiber  used  for 
making  rope  and 
twine.  It  is  called 
Manila  hemp  be- 
cause most  of  it  is 
shipped  from  the 
city  of  Manila. 


117 


BATANESi 


babuVanes 


(^^. 


^   ^ 


RELIEF   MAP   OF   THE  PHILIPPINE   ISLANDS 


121      LoiiKltnde 


EdSt     123       from 


Greeuwlcli     128 


SANTIAQO 


o 


BiMlu 

CALAMIANEp"* 
ISLANDS 

CALAMIAN 


.  Cuid»lftrla, 


121  Loiifcltude 


EsHt      122       Ire 


13S        Longitude 


XaBt     134      from 


Qreeiiwich        125 


GROUP 
JOLO      (8Ulu) 

ARCHIPELAQa 
CELEBES 


.123      Longitude 


Eaat    124     rrom 


Qreen.w-lcb      I**' 


Cape  S.  Agtatm 


"■   TitUMca/        Sarangani  Channtl 
8ARANGANI    ^SARANGANi  i. 


islan'dsxS  vJ     — 

■  S       /      ^»-Aalut  1. 


120 


PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS 


This  is  not  true  hemp,  but  is  the  fiber  of  a 
kind  of  banana  plant. 

Large  crops  of  rice  furnish  food  for  many 
people.    Fruits  grow  wild  all  over  the  islands. 

The  tame  buffalo  is  the  most  useful  animal. 
This  is  not  like  the  bison  of  our  country.  The 
buffalo  is  used  to  draw  rude  plows  and  carts, 
as  well  as  to  carry  loads  on  its  back. 

Monkeys,  huge  bats,  birds,  snakes  and  insects 
abound. 

The  earliest  people  in  these  islands  may 
have  been  the  Negritos,  a  dwarfish  black  race 


Negrito  boy 


Filipino 


now  found  mostly  in  the  mountains.  They 
were  long  ago  hunted  from  the  lowlands  by 
stronger  people  of  the  brown  race. 

The  Negritos  wander  over  the  ranges 
and  through  the  forests.  They  eat  wild 
fruits  and  sleep  where  they  may  be  when 
night  comes  on. 

Nearly  all  the  people  belong  to  the 
brown  race.  They  have  cities  and  towns, 
with  schools.  In  most  of  the  cities  and 
towns  there  are  some  white  people  and 
Chinese. 

Manila  is  the  capital  and  largest  city. 
It  is  on  a  large  harbor.  Most  of  the 
foreign  trade  is  carried  on  in  this  city. 
It  is  on  the  island  of  Luzon. 

Iloilo  is  the  second  port  in  size.  It  has 
a  large  trade  in  sugar. 


Houses  in  a  grove  of  cocoanut  trees 

Helps.  —  Where  are  the  Philippine 
islands  ?  How  were  the  islands  mostly 
built  ?  Look  at  the  raised  map  and  tell 
all  you  can  about  the  islands. 

In  which  zone  are  these  islands? 
Why  are  tyhere  so  many  streams  ?  Tell 
what  you  can  about  the  climate. 

Name  the  leading  products.  What 
is  said  about  hemp  ?  Name  a  food 
product. 

Name  the  best  work  animal  of  these 
islands.    What  kind  of  work  does  it  do? 

Who  are  the  Negritos?    Tell  what 

you   can   about   them.    To   what  race 

do  most  of  the  people  on  these  islands 

belong  ?   What  other  people  live  there  ? 

Name  the  largest  seaport  of  these  islands.    On  which 

island  is  it  ?    Name  another  port.    What  does  it  export? 


A  group  of  More  girls  in  the  island  of  Jolo 


I 


p 


0/  Aow.  7, 1900 


122 


EMPIEE   or  INDIA 


97.  Empire  of  India 
India  is  south  of  Tibet.  Tlie  Ganges  is  the 
main  river  of  India.  This  river  rises  in  the 
highland  of  Tibet.  The  Brahmaputra  also 
rises  in  Tibet  and  flows  to  join  the  Ganges. 
These  rivers  are  making  a  great  delta. 


Half  the  year  there  is  but  little  rain.  The 
other  half  has  plenty  of  rain.  In  fact,  so  much 
rain  falls  that  the  air  is  damp  a  large  part  of 
the  time.  The  heat  and  dampness  make  trees 
and  smaller  plants  grow  very  fast.  They  form 
dense  jungles  in  which  many  wild  beasts  live. 


The  Indus  river  flows  across  the 
west  side  of  India.  This  river  also 
is  making  a  delta,  but  not  so  large 
as  that  of  the  Ganges. 

Long  ago  people  used  to  go  from 
Europe  to  trade  with  the  dark-skinned 
people  in  the  valley  of  the  Indus.  It 
is  easy  to  see  why  these  jjeople  came  to 
be  called  Hindus  (or  Hindoos),  and  they 
keep  the  same  name  to-day.  The  country 
is  called  India. 

Columbus  was  trying  to  reach  India  when  he  dis- 
covered America.  He  thought  the  red  men  lived  in 
India,  and  he  called  them  India  rus. 

The  great  rivers  of  India  often  overflow 
their  banks.  The  water  then  spreads  out  for 
several  miles.  Fine  mud  settles  on  the  land, 
and  thus  new  soil  is  given  to  the  plants. 

A  large  part  of  India  is  in  the  torrid  zone. 
The  northern  part  is  only  a  little  outside  of 
this  zone.    The  seasons  are  hot  all  the  year. 


N   THE  GANGE: 


Tundras  of  Siberia.    Ganges  river  scene  in  India 

One  fifth  of  all  the  people  in  the  world  live  in 
India.  This  shows  that  the  soil  is  very  rich, 
as  the  people  must  have  food. 

Rice  and  wheat  are  leading  crops.  There 
are  many  fruits  and  spices. 

Helps.  —  Where  is  India  ?  What  is  said  about  the 
Ganges  ?  —  about  its  largest  branch  V  —  about  the  Indus 
river  ?   How  do  parts  of  the  plains  of  India  receive  new  soil  ? 

In  what  zone  is  India?  What  is  said  about  heat  and 
rain?  How  many  people  live  in  India?  What  does  this 
prove  about  the  soil  ?    Name  some  food  plants  of  India. 


P  o       DC 
_  o      r-  o 

So    3 

an  "         =• 

e- 


124 


SOUTHWEST  ASIA 


The  opium  poppy  grows  in  India  and  other 
warm  parts  of  southeast  Asia. 

Opium  is  made  from  the  buds  of  popp}-  plants. 
The  buds  are  cut  open  and  the  juice  comes  out.  This 
juice  is  made  into  medicines  and  drugs. 


A  v.-U„.  i-.a;  tiie  Ganges  . 

Many  people  of  southeast  Asia  smoke  opium.  It 
does  them  great  harm.  The  Chinese  spend  for  opium 
as  much  money  as  they  get  for  all  the  tea  they  sell  to 
other  countries. 

India  produces  cotton  and  has  many  mills 
for  making  cotton  cloth. 
Cotton  fiber  is  also 
shipped  to  the  mills  in 
the  British  Isles.  The 
British  people  send  back 
cotton  cloth  to  India. 

Ceylon  is  noted  for  tea. 
This  island  also  sells  cin-. 
namon  and  other  spices. 

Most  of  the  trade  of 
India  is  with  the  British 
and  Chinese  people.  The 
British  nation  rules  over 
India.  There  are  many 
native  kings,  but  the 
British  ruler  is  over  all.  India  is  part  of  the 
British  empire. 

Calcutta  and  Bombay  are  the  chief  ports  of 
India.  Calcutta  is  in  the  delta  of  the  Ganges. 
This  city  is  the  capital  of  India. 


Turkish  children  studying  the  Koran 


This  great  port  ships  many  of  the  products 
of  India.  Some  of  them  are  floated  down  the 
Ganges  to  Calcutta.  Others  are  carried  there 
on  railroads  or  on  wagons.  At  the  port  they 
are  put  aboard  ocean  steamers  and  sent  to 
England  or  other  countries. 

No  large  river  flows  to  Bombay, 
but  railroads  from  many  parts  of 
India  run  to  it.  This  port  is  on 
the  west  coast.  Bombay  is  a  noted 
cotton  market. 

Madras  is  a  large  port  of  south- 
ern India. 

Most  of  the  natives  of  India  are 
Hindus.  They  belong  to  the  white 
race,  but  their  skin  is  dark.  The 
Hindus  have  many  temples  noted 
for  their  beauty.  Some  of  them 
are  built  along  the  banks  of  the 
Ganges. 

Helps.  —  Tell  what  you  can  about  the  poppy  plant. 
What  is  said  about  cotton  and  cotton  mills?    Can  you 
think  why  the  people  of  India  need  so  much  cotton  cloth? 
From  what  nation  do  they  buy  much  of  it?    Name  some 
products  of  Ceylon.     What  and  where  is  Ceylon? 

Of  what  empire  is  India  a  part?  What  is  the  capital  of 
;i  India?  Where  is  it?  How  are 
1  products  sent  to  the  great  port 
of  Calcutta  ?  How  are  they  sent 
to  the  great  port  on  the  west 
ooast  of  India?  What  is  the 
name  of  the  west  coast  port? 
For  what  is  Bombay  noted  ? 
Where  is  Madras  ? 

To  what  race  do  the  Hindus 
lielong?  What  is  said  about 
them  ? 

98.    Southwest  Asia 

Turkey    and    Arabia 
are   in  southwest  Asia. 
Here  also  are  Persia  and 
a  few  smaller  countries. 
Southwest  Asia  is  mostly  high  land,  but  it 
is  not  nearly  so  high  as  Tibet. 

Only  a  little  rain  falls  in  this  part  of  Asia. 
The  land  is  dry.  Large  parts  of  it  are  deserts, 
but  there  are  some  fertile  river  valleys. 


SOUTHWEST  ASIA 


125l 


Nearly  all  tbe  people  of  southwest  Asia 
belong  to  the  white  race.  They  send  wool, 
skins  and  hides  to  many  parts  of  the  earth. 


Many  dates  and 
shipped. 

The   people 
have   flocks 


figs 


are 


also 


of  Persia 
of  sheep  and 
make  beauti- 
ful carpets 
and  rugs. 


The  little  town  of  Bethlehem  was  the  birth- 
place of  Christ,  the  founder  of  the  Christian 
religion.  This  town  is  a  little  south  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

Smyrna  is  the  largest  port  of  Turkey.  It  is 
on  an  arm  of  the  Mediterranean  sea.  The 
coffee  port  of  Mocha  is  on  the  Red  sea.  The 
coast  of  this  sea  is  noted  for  coffee. 

The  Euphrates  river  in  Turkey  is  famous 
in  history.    Its  waters  flow  to  the  Persian  gulf. 

Helps.  —  Name  three  countries 
of  southwest  Asia.  What  is  said 
about  the  surface  of  this  part 
of  Asia?  What  is  said  about 
rain  in  southwest  Asia? 


A  Georgian  of  Tiflis 

Petroleum  wells  near  Baku 

They  make  them  by 
hand,  but  with  great  care 
chief  city. 

Between  Persia  and  India   lies  the  small 
country  of  Afghanistan. 

Arabia  is  dry,  but  has  some  grassy  valleys. 
This  land  is  noted  for  its  horses  and  camels. 

Turkey.  The  old  city  of  Jerusalem  is 
famous  in  Bible  history.  Near  Jerusalem  is  a 
salt  lake  called  the  Dead  sea.  The  river  Jordan 
flows  into  it,  but  no 
stream  flows  out. 
The  water  is  ten 
times  Salter  than 
the  ocean.  The 
Dead  sea  is  below 
the  level  of  the 
ocean.  This  sea 
and  the  city  of 
Jerusalem  are  in 
Turkey,  but  this 
part  of  the  country 
is  better  known  as 
Palestine. 


Arabs  and  their  camels  resting  in  the  desert 


Which  parts  of 

these  lands  are 

fertile  ?  Where  do 

the  rivers  get  most 

of  their  water? 

To  what  race  do  Caucasus  natives 

most  of  the  people  belong? 

Name  some  products  of  southwest  Asia.     What  country 

makes  fine  rugs  and  carpets?    What  is  the  chief  city  of 

Persia  ?     Name   two  countries  between  Persia  and  India. 

Where  is  Arabia?    For  what  is  it  noted? 

Name  a  city  famous 
in  Bible  history.  What 
salt  lake  is  near  Jeru- 
salem? What  river 
flows  into  the  Dead  sea? 
What  is  said  about  the 
level  of  this  sea? 

In  what  part  of  Tur- 
key is  Jerusalem?  In 
what  city  was  Christ 
born?  Where  is  Bethle- 
hem?—Smyrna?  What 
is  said  about  Mocha? 
What  is  said  about  the 
Euphrates  river?  To 
what  gulf  does  it  send 
its  waters  ? 


126 


SIBERIA  AND  KOREA 


99.   Siberia  and  Korea 
Siberia   crosses   northern  Asia.     Most   of 
it  is  a  plain.     Its  southern  part  has    many 
mountains  in  the  Atlas  and  Thian-Shan 
chains.    The  Stanovoi  range  is  in  south- 
east Siberia  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Amur  river  valley. 

The  long  Ob,  Yenisei  and  Lena  rivers 
flow  from  the  mountains  northward  to 
the  Arctic  coast.  Their  mouths  are  in 
the  frigid  zone. 

Northern  Siberia  is  very  cold.  The 
plains  near  the  Arctic  shore  are  frozen 
and  treeless.  South  of  the  frozen  plains 
are  large  forests.  They  cross  both  Asia 
and  Europe.  Many  animals  with  thick 
fur  live  in  the  forests. 

Wheat  and  rye  are  raised  in  the  warmer 
parts  of  Siberia.  There  are  also  wide 
grassy  plains  where  many  cattle  and 
sheep  graze. 

The  native  tribes  of  Siberia  belong  to 
the  yellow  race.    Many  white  people  from 
Russia  have  moved  into  the  best  lands 
and  built  towns  and  cities.     Siberia  belongs 
to  the  Russian  empire. 

A  railroad  has  been  built  to  connect  Russia 
with  the  Pacific  coast.    It  passes  through  the 

Siberian  city  of 
Irkutsk.  This 
road  carries  tea 
and  silks  from 
China.  It  gath- 
ers up  wheat 
and  furs  along 
its  route. 

Southwest  of 
Siberia   is   the 
dry  inland  re- 
gion of  central 
Asia.   It  is  east 
of  the  Caspian 
sea  and  spreads  round  the  sea  of  Aral.    Part 
of  it  is  Turkestan.    Rain  and  melting  snow 
from  the  high  ranges  northwest  of  Tibet  feed 


rivers  that  carry  water  to  large  areas  of  this 
dry  region  and  turn  the  deserts  into  grain- 
fields.     Russia  controls  most  of  the  region. 

Tashkend  is  the  chief 
center  of  trade. 

Korea  is  mostly  a 
peninsula.  It  lies  be- 
tween the  Japan  and 
Yellow  seas. 

The  people  of  Korea 


Children  of  Korea 


have  little  to  do  with  other 
nations,  but  they  carry  on 
some  trade  with  Japan. 

Korea  has  a  king,  but  he 
is  under  the  control  of  the 
Japanese  nation. 

Helps.  —  Where  is  Siberia?  Which  part  of  Siberia  is 
a  plain  ?  Which  part  is  high  land  ?  Name  two  mountain 
chains  on  the  south.  Name  one  in  the  southeast.  To  what 
ocean  do  most  of  its  rivers  flow?  Name  three  of  them. 
Look  at  the  map  and  tell  what  you  can  about  the  Anuir 
river. 

Tell  what  you  can  about  the  plain  near  the  Arctic  coast. 
What  is  south  of  the  frozen  plains?  What  is  said  about  the 
animals  of  Siberia? 

What  grains  are  raised  in  the  warmer  parts  of  Siberia  ? 

To  what  race  do  the  native  tribes  belong  ?  From  what 
country  did  the  white  people  of  Siberia  come?  To  what 
empire  does  Siberia  belong? 

What  is  said  about  the  railroad  in  Siberia  ?  Name  some 
kinds  of  freight  it  carries.    Name  a  city  of  Siberia. 

Where  is  Turkestan?  Name  its  chief  city.  What  is  said 
about  c^tral  Asia  ?  Name  a  sea  east  of  the  Caspian.  Where 
is  Korea  ?    What  country  has  most  of  its  trade  ? 


127 


AFRICA 


100.   Northern  Africa 


Africa  has  only  a  few  bays.  Its  large  rivers 
have  falls  and  rapids.  Thus  ocean  steamships 
cannot  go  far  in  to  bring  out  products.  The 
greater  part  of  Africa  is  a  vast  plateau.  We 
may  call  it  the  African  plateau.  It  includes 
most  of  the  continent,  except  the  coast  region 


Sudan  is  the  home  of  the  Negro  or  black  race. 
These  people  have  built  many  large  towns.  They 
trade  with  nations  north  of  the  desert. 

Camels,  bearing  heavy  loads  on  their  backs,  cross 
the  desert.  Some  carry  ostrich  feathers  and  ivory 
tusks  of  elephants.  Others  carry  salt  and  various 
glims.    Some  of  the  gums  are  used  in  making  varnish. 

Many  camels  and  horses  are  raised  in  Sudan. 

The  largest  river  of  Sudan  is  the  Niger.    You  can 


and  parts  of  the  desert  of  Sahara.  The 
highest  lands  are  in  the  east  and  south. 
The  great  desert  of  Sahara  covers 
a  large  part  of  northern  Africa.  The 
word  "  Sahara  "  means  desert. 

Large  areas  in  this  desert  are  drifting 
sand.  Other  parts  are  rocky  plateaus.  Most 
of  the  region  is  dry  and  barren. 

In  some  parts  of  the  desert  there  are 
springs  and  wells.  The  fresh  water  makes 
fertile  places.  Date  trees  are  planted  and 
bear  sweet  fruit.  Here  towns  are  built.  A 
fertile  place  in  a  desert  is  an  oasis. 

The  Sahara  is  between  the  lands  of  the 
white  and  the  black  people.  The  home  of  the 
white  people  is  north  of  the  desert.  Tribes 
of  white  people  called  Arabs  live  in  the  desert. 

Sudan  is  the  name  of  the  land  on  the  south 
side  of  the  desert.  Sudan  includes  several 
countries.  The  part  near  the  desert  is  very 
dry,-  but  farther  south  the  lands  are  fertile, 
and  have  forests  and  fields  of  grain. 


see  on  the  map  how  it  winds  across  the  country. 
This  river  is  making  a  great  delta.  The  Niger  rises 
in  the  Kong  mountains,  which  are  really  only  a  rugged 
plateau.  .  A  better  name  would  be  Kong  plateau. 

Helps.  —  Which  has  the  more  bays,  Europe  or  Africa  ? 
Can  you  tell  what  use  bays  are  to  a  country  ? 

Of  what  does  the  greater  part  of  Africa  consist  ?  What 
does  the  map  on  page  129  show  about  the  African  plateau 
(see  pale  yellow)?  Where  are  the  highest  lands  ?  Tell  what 
you  can  about  the  Sahara.    What  is  an  oasis  ? 


128 


RELIEF    MAP    OF    AFRICA 


MAP  STUDIES 


129 


What  race  lives  south  of 
this  desert?  What  race  is  on 
the  north?  What  name  is 
given  to  the  people  of  the 
desert?  Name  some  of  the 
things  the  people  of  the  des- 
ert see. 

Where  is  Sudan?  What 
people  live  there?  What  is 
said  about  these  people  ? 

What  animals  are  mostly 
used  to  cross  the  Sahara  ? 
Can  you  tell  why?  What  do 
camels  carry  across  the  desert 
from  Sudan  ?  Name  some  ani- 
mals raised  in  Sudan. 

What  is  the  largest  river 
of  Sudan  ?  In  what  direction 
does  it  flow  ?  Name  a  lake  of 
Sudan. 


101,   Map  studies 

""Name  the  ocean  west  of 
Africa;  east  of  it.  Where 
is  the  Red  sea? — the  Medi- 
terranean sea? — the  gulf 
of  Guinea? 

Where  is  Madagascar? 
Where  are  the  Canary- 
islands  ? —  the  Madeira 
islands  ?  Where  is  the 
island  of  St.  (Saint)  Hel- 
ena? 

Where  is  cape  Guardafui  ? 

—  the  cape  of  Good  Hope? 

—  cape  Verde  ?  The  Cape 
Verde  islands  are  a  little  west 
of  this  cape. 

Where  is  the  isthmus  of 
Suez  ?  What  strait  separates 
Africa  from  Spain?  What 
does  lesson  84  tell  about  the 
high  rocky  cliff  not  far  from 
this  strait?  Where  is  the 
Mozambique  channel  ? 

Name  a  large  river  of  Af- 
rica flowing  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean sea.  Into  what  gulf 
does  the  Niger  river  flow? 
Into  what  ocean  does  the 
Kongo  river  flow  ?  - —  the 
Zambezi  river  ?    What  large 


Areas  la  1        1  green  are  lowlaodB. 

"  ■■  mUl  bulT  are  over  1.000  feet  high. 
,.  .1  f'l  »i  red  are  over  <,00O  feet  high. 
"  "  1— .^  purpie  are  below  Sea  level. 
Political  Divisions  shown  thus: 


C.  OF  GOOD  HOPE 


lake  sends  water  to  the  Zam- 
bezi river  ? 

Where  are  the  ivory,  gold 
and  slave  coasts  ?  Can  you 
think  why  these  names  were 
given  ?  Where  is  the  desert 
of  Kalahari? 

In  what  zone  is  the  greater 
part  of  Africa?  What  large 
river  of  Africa  is  crossed  by 
the  equator  ?  What  great 
river  valley  of  South  Amer- 
ica is  due  west  of  the  Kongo? 
In  which  part  of  Africa  is 
Egypt  ?  What  long  river 
flows  through  it?  What 
mountains  are  in  Morocco? 
In  what  country  are  the  Snow 
mountains  ? 


130 


CLIMATE  AND  PLANTS 


102.    Middle  and  southern  Africa 
South  of  Sudan  lies  the  great  valley  of  the 
Kongo  river.    It  is  in  the  toirid  zone  and  is 
a  very  hot   valley.     It   has    heavy    rainfall, 
and  parts  of  it  are  covered  with  forests. 

Some  of  the  branches  of  the  Kongo  flow 
from  lakes.    In  the 
rainy  season  a 
branch  flows 
from  the  long 
lake  Tan- 
ganyika. 
Nearly 
all  of  the 
Kongo 
river  is 
on  a  pla- 
teau.   Its 
lower 
part  falls  to 
the  low  plain 
along  the  coast. 


Vessels  from  the  sea  cannot  pass 
these  falls,  but  steamers  have  been 
carried  past  them  and  placed  in  the 
river  above.    They  go  for  thousands  of 
miles  on  the  great  river  system. 

The  Kongo  valley  is  settled  by  tribes 
of  Negroes.  Most  of  them  are  savages 
and  have  not  built  large  towns. 

The  black  people  of  the  Kongo  val- 
ley sell  palm   oil  and    ivory  tusks  of 
elephants.    White  people  are  sent  there  to 
trade  with  the  natives. 

The  natives  of  southern  Africa  belong 
to  the  black  race.    Many  Dutch,  English  and 
Germans  also  have  settled  here. 

The  large  island  of  Madagascar  is  held  by 
France.  It  is  settled  by  black  people  and 
brown  people.  There  are  a  few  white  people 
in  the  coast  cities.    They  go  there  to  trade. 

Helps.  —  Where  is  the  Kongo  valley?  In  what  zone  is 
it  ?    By  what  race  is  it  settled  ? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  the  Kongo  river.  Why  cannot 
ateamers  go  up  the  Kongo  from  the  sea  ?    Why  should  white 


men  go  to  the  trouble  of  carrying  steamers  to  the  upper 
Kongo  ?    Name  some  things  sold  by  the  Kongo  natives. 

To  what  race  do  the  natives  of  southern  Africa  belong  ? 
What  white  people  have  also  settled  there  ?  Name  two 
products  of  the  mines  of  southern  Africa. 

What  nation  controls  Madagascar?  Why  should  white 
people  wish  to  live  in  the  coast  cities  of  tWs  island? 

103.    Climate  and  plants 

Africa  is  the  hottest  of  the  continents.  Large 
parts  of  it  have  no  rain  and 
are  deserts.  The  most  rain 
falls  in  the  torrid  zone. 

The  heat  in  the  desert  is  very 

strong.    There  are  few  trees 

to  give  shade,  and  these  are 

in  little   groups 

near  springs  or 

'^^   wells.    The  sun 

heats  the  dry  sand 

and  rocks 

quickly. 

At  night 

the  desert 

cools  quickly 

and    the    air 

rows  cold. 

Rain  falls  on  the 

mountains  of  Africa. 

Many   towns    are 

built   near  streams 

from  the  mountains. 

The  Kongo  valley 

and  parts  of  Sudan 

have  plenty  of  rain. 

Date  trees  grow  in  many 

parts  of  Africa.    Cocoanuts 

and  bananas  are  common. 

Dates  and  cocoanuts  grow  on 

palm  trees.  Other  kinds  of  palms 

yield  oil  and  sago. 

The  richest  lands  of  this  continent  are  in 

the  valley  of  the  Nile  river.    Later  we  shall 

study  about  the  Nile  floods. 

Helps. — What  does  the  globe  map  on  page  129  show 
about  Africa?  What  is  said  about  the  heat  of  Africa? 
Which  part  of  this  continent  has  the  most  rain?  Tell  all 
vou  can  about  the  heat  in  the  desert. 


ANIMALS 


131 


Why  do  rivers  flow  from  mountains  ?  Why  are  towns 
built  near  rivers  from  ranges  in  Africa?  Which  parts  of 
Africa  have  plenty  of  rain?  Name  some  of  the  products 
of  Africa.  Name  some  things  that  come  from  palm  trees. 
Where  are  the  richest  lands  of  Africa? 

104.   Animals 

Large  manlike  apes  are  found  in  Africa. 
They  live  near  the  equator 
The  picture  shows 
two  kinds.    They 
are  strong  and 
fierce.    The 
gorilla  is  the 
largest. 
There  are 
smaller 
apes  and 
monkeys 
in  nearly 
aU  parts  of 
the  continent. 

The  Sahara  is 
the    home    of 

many   camels.     The    African    camel 
has  only  one  hump  of  fat  on  its  back. 

The  milk  and  flesh  of  the  camel  are  used 
for  food.  The  hair  is  made  into  cloth  and 
paint  brushes.  To  the  people  of  the  desert 
this  animal  is  as  useful  as  both  the  cow  and 
horse  are  to  us. 

Elephants    live    in    parts    of  Africa. 
They  feed  on  branches  and  grass.    The 
people  kill  many  of  them  for  the  val- 
uable ivory  of  which  their  long  tusks  are 
made.     Another  great  beast  is  the  hippo- 
potamus.   This  word  means  "  river  horse." 
Of  course  it  is  not  a  horse,  but  it  is  very  large 
and  is  often  seen  in  rivers  and  swamps. 

The  rhinoceros  lives  in  the  dense  jungles 
of  tropical  Africa.  This  word  means  "horn- 
nosed."  Can  you  tell  why  this  name  was 
given  ? 

The  picture  shows  two  kinds  of  buffaloes. 
They  are  very  useful  to  man  in  his  work. 
One  kind  is  found  in  the  Nile  valley  and  the 


other  in  the  southern  part  of  the  continent. 
The  latter  is  called  the  "  cape  buffalo." 

Giraffes  are  found  in  a  few  places.    They 

have  long  necks  and  can  reach  high  branches. 

The  lion  is  found  in  Africa.    This  is  called 

the  "king  of  beasts."    It  belongs  to  the  cat 

family.     The  lion  can  kill  the  buffalo. 

The  pictiu:e   shows  a  zebra.    It  looks  like 

a  small  horse  with  stripes  on  its  sides.    The 

zebra  belongs  to  the  horse  family, 

but  is  hard  to  tame  and  is  of 

little  use  to  man. 

The  gnu  or  "horned  horse" 
is  not  a  horse,  but  is  in 
some  ways  like  both  the 
deer  and  the  goat. 
The  ostrich  is  found 
in  Africa.    This  is 
the  largest 
bird  on  the 
earth.     It 
ms but can- 
not fly.    Its 
feathers   are 
very  pretty.     We 
call    a    long    fluffy 
feather  a  plume. 

Many  cattle  and 
sheep  have  been 
taken  to  Africa  by 
white  people. 

There  is  a  kind  of  fly  in  Af- 
rica that  stings  and  kills  many- 
cattle.    In  districts  where  this 
fly  abounds  it  is  very  hard  to  raise 
cattle.    This  little  insect  is  the  tse- 
tse fly.    It  looks  like  a  bee. 

Helps.  —  What  does  the  lesson  say  about 
apes  and  monkeys  ?  In  what  part  of  Africa 
are  camels  found  ?    Tell  all  you  can  about  camels. 

What  do  elephants  feed  on?  Could  an  elephant  drink 
if  he  had  no  trunk?  Of  what  are  elephants'  tusks  made? 
What  is  said  about  the  hippopotamus  ?  —  the  rhinoceros  ? 

What  horned  animals  of  Africa  help  man  in  his  work  ? 
Can  you  think  why  giraffes  need  long  necks?  Tell  what 
you  can  about  lions  ;  zebras  ;  ostriches. 

What  useful  animals  has  man  taken  to  Africa? 


r 


EGYPT 


133 


II 


105.   Egypt 

The  lower  part  of  the  valley  of  the 
Nile  is  in  Egypt.  This  valley  is  only  a  f ew 
miles  wide,  but  is  very  fertile.   Every 
summer  the  river  overflows  its 
banks.     Then  new  soil  settles 
on  the  plains  along  the  river.    . 


■1 


Bedouins  or  desert  Arabs 

The  Nile  has  built  a  great  delta. 
This  delta  and  the  plains  along  the 
river  are  the  home  of  millions  of 
people.  They  belong  to  the  white 
race.    Many  are  Arabs.    The  Arabs 


Two  views  of  the  Suez  Canal 

of  the  desert  are  often  called 
Bedouins. 

The  water  in  the  Nile  comes  from 
lakes  and  mountain  streams  in  the  tor- 
rid zone.    During  the  hot  rainy  season  in 
that  zone  hundreds  of  muddy  branches 


flow  from  the  high  mountains  in  Abyssinia  to  swell 
the  southern  part  of  the  Nile.  Part  of  its  water  comes 
from  the  great  lake  Victoria,  under  the  equator. 

Day  after  day  the  river  rises  and  creeps  over 
its  banks.  It  covers  the  fields  and  looks  like 
a  long  lake.  Then  as  the  water  flows  off  the 
river  becomes  smaller. 

The  water  leaves  a  thin  coating  of  soil  over 
the  fields,  and  the  land  is  ready  for  seeds.  The 
soil  is  damp  and  grains  grow  quickly. 

In  many  places  water  is-led  in  long  ditches 
over  the  land.  Two  great  dams  have  been  built 
across  the  river,  to  hold  back  water  for  the 
dry  months. 

The  chief  food  crop  of  Egypt  is  grain. 
There  are  also  great  fields  of  sugar  cane 
and  cotton.  Eng- 
land buys  most  of 
the  cotton  and  sells 
cloth  to  Egypt. 

Cairo,  the  capital, 
is  near  the  upper 
part  of  the  great 
delta  and  is  the  lar- 
y;est  city  in  Africa. 
Alexandria  is  the 
largest  seaport  of 
Buffalo  of  Egypt  the  continent. 

The  Suez  canal  is  in  Egypt.  What  two  seas  does 
this  canal  unite  ?  The  town  of  Suez  is  at  one  end 
of  the  canal  and  Port  Said  at  the  other. 

Before  this  canal  was  dug  ships  going  from 
Europe  to  India  and  China  went  round  the  cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

Helps. — Where  is  Egypt?    What   river   valley   is 
partly  in  this  country?    To  what  race  do  the  people  of 
I  Igypt  belong  ?    Tell  all  you  can  about  the  river  Nile. 
^^__^^__^„__.,^^       ^°  what  part  of  Africa 

~]  is  the  country  of  Abys- 
'  sinia  ?  Name  a  lake  that 
gives  water  to  the 
Nile.  Name  the 
chief  crops  of 
Egypt.  What  and 
where  is  the  capi- 
tal? What  is  the 
leading  seaport? 
^  What  is   said 

_^_  about    the    towns 

of  Suez  and  Port  Said? 


134 


OTHER  COUNTRIES  OF  AFRICA 


106.   Other  countries  of  Africa 

There  are  several  small 
countries  in  northern  Africa. 
Tripoli  is  west  of  Egypt 
Tuxis  is  still  farther  west. 
Then  come  Algeria  and 
Morocco.     The  French 
nation  controls   Algeria 
and  Tunis.    These  coun- 
tries  have   some  fertile 
lands,  but  large  parts  are 
dry  and  do  not  produce 
much.    The  people  are 
dark,  but  they  belong  to 
the  white  race 


and  feathers. 


House  in  Madagascar 

The  French  control  also  a  large 
part  of  the  Sahara  desert  and  a  region  on  the 
lower  Kongo. 

Algiers  is  the  chief  city  of  Algeria.  Fez  is 
the  largest' city  of  Morocco. 

The  nations  of  Europe  have  seized  large 
parts  of  Africa.    Other  parts  are  still  free. 

Liberia  is  a  Negro  republic.  It  was  founded 
by  the  United  States  as  a  home  for  former 
slaves.  Monrovia,  the  capital,  was  named  for 
a  former  president  of  this  country. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Transvaal.  The 
British  people  control  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Transvaal  and  other  parts  of  southern  Africa. 
The  natives  belong  to  the  black  race.    Many 


has  the  richest  diamond  mines  in  the 
world.    They  are  near  the  city  of 
Kimberley.    Transvaal  has  the 
richest  gold  mines.    Johannes- 
burg is  the  chief  mining 
center. 

Many  cattle,  sheep  and 
ostriches  are  raised  on  tlie 
ranches  of  southern 
Africa.  Wheat  grows  on 
some  of  the  farms. 

Cape  Town  is  the  capi- 
tal and  seaport  of  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.    It  is  the 
chief  port  of  all  British 
South    Africa.     It    exports    gold,    diamonds, 
wheat,  wool,  beef 


white  people  have 
gone  there  from 
Europe. 

Cape  of  Good 
Hope  is  also  known 
as  Cape  Colony.    It 


Low  and  high  Nile 


Helps.  —  Name  four 
countries  of  northern 
Africa.  Which  of  these 
is  farthest  west?  What 
strait  lies  between  it  and 
Spain  V 

What  race  of  people  is 
found  in  these  northern 
countries  of  Africa?  What 
is  said  about  the  products  V 
The  names  on  the  col- 
ored map  will  tell  what 
nations  have  seized  parts 
of  Africa.  Where  is  the 
French  Kongo?  —  Ger- 
man East  Africa?  —  Ger- 
man Southwest  Africa  ?  — 
Portuguese  East  Africa? 
—  Angola  or    Portuguese 

West  Africa?  —  Upper  Guinea?  —  Lower  Guinea?  Name 
two  countries  in  Africa  held  by 
France.  What  is  said  about 
Liberia  and  its  capital  ? 

Name  two  parts  of  southern 
Africa  held  by  the  British.  To 
what  race  do  the  natives  of  south- 
ern Africa  belong?  Name  some 
of  the  products. 

Where  are  the  diamond  mines? 
Near  what  city  are  the  richest  gold 
mines?  Where  is  Cape  Town? 
What  is  said  about  it  ?  Name  some 
of  its  exports.    Locate  Zanzibar. 


Zulu  chief 


AUSTRALIA  AND  PACIFIC  ISLANDS 


IPH^  107.   People 

White  people  first  went  to  Australia  many 
years  ago.  They  found  the  land  settled  by 
black  people.  These  natives  were  savages  of 
a  very  low  class.    A  few  thousand  black  people 


135 


The  islands  of  New  Zealand  are  southeast 
of  Australia.  The  natives  of  these  islands  are 
brown  people.  They  are  called  Maoris.  They 
are  brave  and  they  fought  hard  to  prevent 
white  people  from   seizing   their   land.    But 

the  British  hold  the  is- 
lands, and  many  white 
people  have  settled  on 
them. 

Most  of  the  people 
on  the  Pacific  islands 
belong  to  the  brown 


Hot  springs, 

New  Zealand 

still   live    there. 
They  get  their  food 
partly  by  hunting 
with  the  boomerang 
a  curved  stick  whicli 
they  throw  with  great 
force.     The  natives  can 
make  the  boomerang  bound 
back  to  them. 

Nearly  all  the  white  settlers  were 
from  the  British  Isles.  The  land  is 
now  divided  into  British  states. 

Dalgety  is  the  capital  of  Australia, 
map  on  page  139  shows  where  it  is. 

New  Guinea  is  north  of  Australia.  Its  natives 
belong  to  the  black  race.  Those  of  the  interior 
are  savage.  Some  of  them  wear  the  hair  in  the 
form  of  a  large  frizzly  ball.  A  few  white  peo- 
ple live  in  towns  near  the  coast. 


Tree 

ferns 

The 


Blue  mountains, 
Australia 

race.    Many  of  them  are  very 

skillful  in  the  use  of  the  canoe.    A  few  savage 

black  people  are  found  in  some  of  the  islands. 

Helps.  —  Tell  what  you  can  about  the  native  people  of 
Australia.  Where  did  most  of  the  white  people  of  this 
continent  come  from?  What  are  the  divisions  of  Australia 
called  ?    What  is  the  capital  of  Australia  ? 

Where  is  New  Guinea?  Tell  what  you  can  about  its 
people.  Where  is  New  Zealand?  What  nation  holds  these 
islands  ?    To  what  race  do  the  natives  belong  ? 

What  is  said  about  the  people  of  the  Pacific  islands? 


136 


MAP  STUDIES 


Relief  map  of  Australia 


108.   Map  studies 

In  what  direction  is 
Australia  from  Asia  ?  What 
oceans  border  on  Australia  ? 

Name  three  large  islands 
of  the  East  Indies  lying 
between  Australia  and  Asia. 
Where  is  New  Guinea? 
Where  is  New  Zealand? 
Where  is  Tasmania? 

What  does  the  relief  map 
show  about  the  surface  of 
Australia  ?  Where  are  its 
highest  mountains?  —  its 
longest  rivers?  Which  is 
the  more  broken,  the  coast  of 
Europe  or  that  of  Australia? 

In  which  part  of  Australia 
is  the  Murray  river  ?    In 


-.pT-u    nn,  r 


SOUTH 


TEMPERATE   ZON^^ 


SOUTH  pout 


which  zone  is  the  northern 
part  of  Australia?  —  the 
southern  part  ? 

109.   Plants  and  animals 

Australia  is  south  of 
the  equator.  Part  of  it 
is  in  the  torrid  zone. 

Most  of  the  rain  winds 
are  from  the  southeast, 
and  the  rain  falls  on  the 
slopes  of  the  high  ranges 
near  the  seacoast.  These 
rains  feed  the  Murray 
and  Darling  rivers. 
Many  small  rivers  flow 
to  the  southeast   coast,. 


F 


PLANTS  AND   ANIMALS 


137 


^::^ 


INDIAN 
O  C  E  A  N 


SCALE   1.000  MILES  TO  ONE   INCH 
Aiwu  111          I p*n  »M  lowlknd*. 
M     M  I          I  buff  we  oTcr  1.000  fMi  high. 
"      '■  I          y  red  ut  OTer  4,000  feet  high. 
.Yoliticftl  DiTiiiom  ihown  thin  r 


but   the    slope   is   short   and    the    rivers  are 
of  little  use,  except  the  parts  near  the  sea. 

The  middle  lands  of  this  continent  are 
very  dry  and  some  parts  are  deserts. 

Forests    cover  the    mountains       /^ 
in  the  southeast.     The  nar         •^•'^ 
row  plains  between   the 
ranges  and  the  sea 
have   fine   soil  for 
wheat  and  corn. 

The    white    people 
have  carried   many 
cattle  and  sheep  to  Aus- 
tralia.   The  feed    and 
climate  suit  them  well. 
Wool  and  hides  are  valuable  exports  from  Australia. 

This  land  has  many  queer  animals.  The  echidna  lays 
eggs  but  is  not  a  bird.    It  has  a  long  nose  and  sticky  tongue 
and  feeds  on  ants.     Sharp  spines  grow  all  over  its  body.      ^^up^ 

The  duck  mole  ^  also  lays  eggs.    It  has  a  wide  bill 
like  that  of  a  duck  and-  catches  bugs  in  the  water. 

The  kangaroo  has  small  fore  legs  but 
strong  hind  legs.  It  runs  by  making  long 
leaps.  A  kind  of  leather  is  made  from  kan- 
garoo skins. 

Australia  has  many  birds.    The  emu  is 
a  large  running  bird.    In  some  ways  it  is  like 
the  ostrich.    The  lyre  bird  has  a  tail  that  looks 
like  a  harp  or  lyre.    This  continent  has  none  of 
the  wild  animals  that  we  studied  in  Asia  and  Africa. 

I  Also  called  omithorhynchus, 


Helps.  —  In  what  zones  is  Australia?  Where  do  most 
of  the  rains  fall  ?    Name  two  large  rivers  of  this  continent. 

What  is  said  about  rains  in  the  middle  of  the  continent? 
What  part  of  Australia  has  forests?  Where  are  the  best 
grain  lands? 

What  is  said  about  sheep  and  cattle  ?  Name  two  animal 
products. 

What  is  said  about  the  echidna  ?  —  about  the  duck  mole  ? 
—  about  the  kangaroo  ?  —  about  Australian  birds  ? 

110.    States  of  Australia 

Australia  is  the  smallest  of  the  continents. 
Asia  is  nearly  six  times  as  large. 

The  map  shows  many  ranges  in  Australia, 
but  most  of  them  are  only  hills.    The  main 
range   lies   along   the    southeast  coast.    The 
Alps  and  the  Blue  mountains  are  the  highest. 
In  many  places  the  inland  plains 
are  dry  and  sandy.    The  most 
fertile  parts  of  these  plains  are 
in  the  valley  of  the  Murray 
and  Darling  rivers.  Wheat 
and  com  are  raised  in 
this  wide  valley. 

Victoria  and  New 
South  Wales  are  the 
leading  states  of  Aus- 
tralia.  The  chief  prod- 
ucts are  wool  and  gold. 
The  gold  mines  are  very 
rich,  but  the  wool  is  worth 
three  times 
as    much. 
Wheat 


138 


STATES  OF  AUSTRALIA 


and  cattle  are  other  products.    Most  of  the 
trade  is  with  England. 

Melbourne  is  the  chief  port  of  Australia.    It 
has  a  fine  harbor. 

Sydney  is  the  port  of  New  South  Wales. 

Queensland   has   good   graz- 
ing lands.    Western  and 
South  Australia  are  dry 
and   thinly  settled. 


know  how  to  make  good  use  of  the  fertile  soil 
of  the  island. 

The  Fiji  islands  are  far  east  of  Australia. 
Most  of  them  were  made  by  volcanoes.  The 
Fiji  people  are  savages.  A  few  white  men 
have  settled  on  some  of  the  islands. 
The  Tonga  islands  are 
.southeast  of  the  Fiji  group. 
The  white   people  have 


i 


Eucalyptus 

The  island  of  Tasmania  is  a  state. 

Helps.  —  Which  is  the  largest  continent? 
—  the  smallest?    Which  is  most  like  Australia  in  form? 

What  does  the  relief  map  show  about  the  surface  of 
Australia?  What  is  said  about  the  ranges?  —  about  the 
inland  plain  ?  —  about  the  most  fertile  river  valley?  Name 
two  products  of  this  valley. 

What  are  the  two  leading  states?  What  is  taken  from 
their  mines?  Name  some  other  products.  What  country 
has  most  of  the  trade  of  Australia? 

What  is  the  leading  port  of  Australia?  In  which  state 
is  it  ?    In  what  state  is  .Sydney? 

Where  is  Queensland ?  What  is  said  about  it?  Name 
three  other  states  of  Australia.    Where  is  Tasmania? 

111.    Pacific  islands 

New  Zealand  lias  rich  gold  mines.  The 
grassy  slopes  support  many  sheep  and  cattle. 

The  British  nation  controls  these  islands 
and  their  trade.  Gold,  wool  and  meats  are 
the  chief  exports. 

Auckland  is  the  largest  city  of  New  Zealand. 

New  Guinea  is  a  very  large  island.  Most 
of  its  people  are  black  savages.     They  do  not 


Woman  of  Samoa 


Natives  of  Solomon  islands 

taught  many  of  the  Tonga  natives 
how  to  read. 

The  Samoa  islands  are  northeast  of  the 
Fiji  group.  The  Samoans  are  very  skillful  in 
the  use  of  canoes. 

Some  of  the  islands  in  the  Pacific  are  the 
tops  of  volcanoes.  Others  are  built  of  coral. 
The  Samoa  islands  are  mostly  the  tops  and 
slopes  of  volcanoes.  The  small  islands  of  the 
Caroline,  Marshall  and  Gilbert  groups  are 
mostly  coral. 

Several  other  Pacific  islands,  besides  those 
we  have  studied,  belong  to  the  United  States. 
Two  of  these  are  in  the  Samoa  group  and  one 
is  in  the  Ladrones,  far  out  in  the  ocean. 

Helps.  —  Where  is  New  Zealand?  Name  a  product  of 
the  mines  of  the  islands.  Name  two  other  products.  What 
nation  controls  New  Zealand?    What  is  the  largest  city? 

Where  is  New  Guinea?  What  is  said  about  its  people? 
What  does  the  lesson  tell  about  the  Tonga  islands  ?  —  about 
the  Samoa  islands? 

Tell  how  some  of  the  Pacific  islands  were  made. 


Valparaiso 


o        anbiquiBZOi^ 


140 


Copyright,    IB95,  by  A.   E.   Frye 


RELIEF  MAP   OF  THE 


141 


UNITED  STATES. 


143 


GROUPS  OF  STATES 


112.    New  England  states 

The  New  England  states  are  east  of  New 
York  state.  They  are  in  the  northeast  corner 
of  the  country.  They  have  plenty  of  rain. 
The  summers  are  hot  and  the  winters  cold. 


Quarries  in  these  states  yield  fine  marble 
and  granite.  Many  fishing  vessels  sail  from 
Gloucester  and  other  ports  of  New  England. 

Massachusetts.  Boston  is  the  capital  of 
Massachusetts.    It  is  the  largest  city  in  New 


New  England  is  hilly  land.  Most  of  its  soil 
is  poor,  but  its  rivers  are  swift  and  turn  wheels 
for  many  mills.  Years  ago  the  wheels  were 
turned  wholly  by  water,  but  now  steam  is  used 
also.  These  states  lead  in  making  cotton  and 
woolen  cloth.  They  are  also  first  in  making 
boots  and  shoes.  The  many  workshops  pro- 
duce nearly  all  kinds  of  tools. 

There  are  soft-wood  forests  in  the  northern 
row  of  states.  Some  of  the  wood  is  ground  to 
pulp  and  made  into  paper.  The  largest  paper 
mills  in  the  country  are  here. 


England.  Its  harbor  is  wide  and 
deep.  This  city  is  one  of  the  chief 
ports  of  the  country.  Many  prod- 
ucts from  the  West  pass  through 
this  port  to  Europe. 

Many  cities  and  towns  in  these 

states  have  great  mills  and  factories. 

Much  of  the  cotton  and  wool  used 

in  them  goes  through  Boston.    Many 

hides  also  pass  through  on  the  way 

to  shoe  factories.    This  great  city 

helps  to  ship  away  the  many  kinds 

of  goods  made  in  these  states. 

Boston  handles  more  wool  than  any  other 

city  in  the  country.     It  is  also  the  greatest 

boot  and  shoe  market  in  the  world. 

Helps. — Where  are  the  New  England  states?  What 
kind  of  climate  have  they  ? 

Can  you  tell  why  more  New  England  people  work  in 
shojw  than  on  farms  ?  Name  four  products  in  which  these 
states  take  the  lead. 

What  is  said  about  paper  and  paper  mills  ?  Name  two 
kinds  of  building  stone  found  in  New  England.  Name  a 
fishing  port.    Find  it  on  the  map. 

Where  is  Boston?  What  is  said  of  its  size?  —  its  harbor? 
Name  some  goods  that  pass  through  this  port.  How  does 
Boston  rank  as  a  wool  market? — as  a  boot  and  shoe  market? 


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MIDDtE  ATLANTIC  STATES 

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146 


NEW  ENGLAND  STATES 


Boston  and  its  suburbs  have  been 
the  homes  of  many  famous  poets  and 
authors. 

Worcester  is  the  second  city  in  size 
in  this  state.    It  is  a  railroad  center. 

Fall  River  and  Lowell  have  good 
water  power  and  make  more  cotton 
cloth  than  any  other  two  cities  in 
America.  Cambridge  is  the  seat  of  Har- 
vard University.  Plymouth  is  noted 
as  the  landing  place  of  the  Pilgrims. 

Maine.  This  is  the  most  easterly 
state  in  the  Union.  Most  of  its  people 
live  in  the  southern  half.  Portland  is 
the  chief  port  and  largest  city.  It  sup- 
plies goods  to  mills  in  many  cities  and  towns. 

Augusta  is  the  capital.  Bangor  is  a  well- 
known  lumber  market.  The  tide  reaches  to 
Banjxor  and  ships  can  sail  up  to  the  city. 


Gloucester  harbor 


Public  Garden,  Boston 

New  Hampshire.  The  White  mountains 
have  many  summer  resorts.  The  highest  peak 
is  Mt.  Washington.  Most  of  the  people  Hve 
in  the  southern  half  of  the  state. 
They  have  many  cloth  mills. 

Manchester  has  greatcotton  mills. 
They  are  built  where  they  can  use 
water  power  from  the  Merrimac 
river.  The  mills  use  also  steam 
and  electric  power. 

Helps. — Which  of  these  states  border  on 
Canada  ?  —  on  the  Atlantic  ocean  1  Which 
has  no  seacoast  ? 

In  what  state  are  the  White  mountains? 
—  the  Green  mountains  ?  Of  what  highland 
are  they  a  part  ?    In  what  general  direction 


do  most 

of  the  rivers 

of  New  England  flow?  i     , 

What  does  this  show 

about  the  slope  of  the  land? 

What  does  the  map  of 
New  England  show  about 
the  coast  line?  Where  is  Long  Island 
sound  ?  •  Name  two  large  islands  south  of 
Massachusetts.  Where  is  Penobscot  bay? 
Locate  cape  Cod.  What  large  lake  is  west 
of  Vermont? 

What  is  the  second  city  in  size  in  Mas- 
sachusetts ?  What  two  cities  lead  in  mak- 
ing cotton  cloth?  For  what  is  Cambridge 
noted?  — Plymouth? 

Which  part  of  Maine  has  the  most  cities 
and  towns  ?  What  is  said  about  Portland  ? 
What  is  the  capital  of  Maine?   What  prod- 
uct led  to  the  growth  of  Bangor  ? 

Where  are  the  White  moimtains  ?    Name  one  peak. 
What  is  said  about  Manchester?      Where  is  this  city? 


Shipbuilding,  Bath 


69  Greenwich  08 


148 


MIDDLE  ATLANTIC   STATES 


Concord  is  the  capital.  It  is  near  fine  granite 
quarries.  Portsmouth  is  the  only  seaport  in 
the  state.    It  has  a  good  harbor. 

Vermont.  This  state  is  noted  for  its  dairy 
products.    It  has  fine  pasture  lands. 

Burlington  has  the  best  harbor  on  lake 
Champlain.  This  port  handles  much  of  the 
lumber  made  in  this  lake  region. 

Rutland  is  the  center  of  the  marble  industry. 
Barre  is  noted  for  its  granite.    Montpelier  is 

the  capital. 

Rhode  Is- 
land. This 
is  the  smallest 
but  the  most 


THE  SUGAR  LUT 


Making  maple  sugar  in  Vermont 

thickly  settled  state  in  the  Union.  It  is  a 
region  of  busy  workshops. 

Providence  is  the  second  city  in  size  in  New 
England  and  is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It 
has  the  largest  jewelry  factories  in  America. 
This  city  is  at  the  head  of  Narragansett  bay. 

Newport  is  a  well-known  summer  resort. 

Connecticut.  This  state  is  noted  for  hard- 
ware and  timepieces. 

New  Haven  is  one  of  the  cities  that  make 
hardware.  It  is  the  chief  railroad  center  and 
port  of  the  state.  Yale  University  is  in  this  city. 

Hartford  is  the  capital.  Bridgeport  is  a  thriv- 
ing city  on  Long  Island  sound.  Waterbury  is 
noted  for  clocks  and  watches. 


Helps.  —  What  is  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire  ?  What 
is  the  name  of  its  seaport  ? 

For  what  is  Vermont  noted?  Name  a  port  on  lake 
Champlain.  What  product  does  it  handle  ?  What  product 
comes  from  Rutland?  —  from  Barre?  What  is  the  capital 
of  Vermont  ? 

What  and  where  is  the  smallest  state  in  the  Union? 
TeU  what  you  can  about  Providence.  In  what  part  of  the 
state  is  Newport? 

Name  some  products  of  Connecticut.  Tell  what  you 
can  about  New  Haven.  What  is  the  capital  of  the  state? 
Where  is  Bridgeport  ?    For  what  is  Waterbury  noted  ? 

113.    Middle  Atlantic  states 

Map  studies.  —  Name  the  states  of  this  group.  In  what 
part  of  the  country  are  they  ?  See  the  little  comer  map  of 
the  United  States.  What  waters  nearly  separate  New  York 
state  from  Canada  ?    Name  two  bays  on  the  east  coast. 

What  river  flows  from  these  states  to  the 
prairies?    Where  is  lake  Champlain? 

To  what  highland  do  the  mountains  in 
these  states  belong?  Name  two  groups  of 
mountains  in  New  York.  What  state  is 
crossed  by  the  Blue  ridge?  Between  what 
two  states  do  the  Allegheny  mountains  run? 
Between  what  states  does  the  Potomac 
river  flow?  —  the  Delaware  river?  Where 
does  the  Hudson  river  rise?  Name  a  river 
that  flows  into  it  from  the  west.  Into  what 
river  does  the  Ohio  flow  ?  See  map  of  North 
America. 

Which  of  the  Great  Lakes  border  on 
New  York  state?  What  river  flows  out  of 
lake  Erie  ?  For  what  is  this  river  noted  ? 
In  what  state  is  the  Erie  canal? 

What  large  island  belongs  to  New  York 
state?    What  sound  is  north  of  it?    Where 
is  Sandy  Hook?    Where  are  the  Thousand  Isles? 

These  states  are  near  the  middle  of  the 
Atlantic  coast.  The  Eastern  highland  runs 
northeast  across  them.  Its  ranges  are  not 
very  high  and  long  valleys  lie  between  them. 
Most  of  these  valleys  are  fertile. 

The  Atlantic  slope  extends  from  the  high- 
land to  the  sea.  The  part  near  the  coast  is  a 
plain.  It  is  narrow  near  New  York,  but  wider 
in  the  south.  West  of  the  highland  the  land 
slopes  to  the  prairies  and  the  Great  Lakes,  as 
is  shown  by  the  rivers  on  the  map. 

These  states  have  plenty  of  rain.  The  win- 
ters are  cold  and  the  summers  are  hot. 


81  Long-itud«  West 


150 


MIDDLE  ATLANTIC  STATES 


They  work  on  railroads  and  canals.  They 
lielp  to  ship  goods  to  and  from  the  sea- 
ports. This  is  the  most  thickly  settled  part 
of  the  country.  It  is  because  there  are  so 
many  products  and  so  much  work  here. 

New  York.    New  York  is 
the  largest  city  in  America. 


The  people  raise  grain  and 
tobacco.  Fruits  and  vegetables 
grow  almost  everywhere.  The 
people  living  on  the  coast  plain 
raise  peaches  and  vegetables  for 
the  cities.  There  are  many  cattle 
on  the  farms,  and  many  people 
make  butter  and  cheese. 

The  mountains  supply  coal  and 
some  iron  ore.    Ore  is  also  brought 
from  the  shore  of  lake  Superior.    These  states 
have  many  oil  and  gas  wells.    The  iron  with 
all  this  fuel  has  led  the  people  to  build  great 
mills  and  factories. 

The  prairies  are  west  of 
this  group  of  states.  Many 
of  their  products  are  sent  to 
Europe.  First  they  are  sent 
by  rail  or  inland  water  routes 
to  the  eastern  ports.  There 
they  are  put  on  steamers  and 
sent  across  the  ocean.  Many 
kinds  of  goods  from  Europe 
follow  the  same  route  back 
to  the  prairie  people.  The 
handling  of  all  the  goods 
gives  work  to  many  people 
in  the  seaports. 

It  is  now  easy  to  see  what  kind 
of  work  the  people  in  these  states 
do.    They  dig  coal  and  iron  in  the 
highland.    They  sink  deep  wells  and  get  oil 
and  gas  from  the  ground.     They  build  great 
factories  and  work  in  them.    They  toil  in  the  iron 
mills.    They  plant  wheat  and  tobacco.    They  tend 
cattle  and  sheep.    They  raise  fruits  and  vegetables. 


Water  front,  New  York 

It  is  next  to  the  largest  city  in  the  world.  It 
now  has  more  than  4,000,000  people.  Part  of 
it  was  once  the  great  city  of  Brooklyn. 

Find  the  city  of  Buffalo  on 

the  map.    It  is  at  the  eastern 

end  of   lake   Erie.     This  city 

handles    products  of  all  the 

states  round  the  Great  Lakes. 

Some  steamers  bring  iron  ore. 

Others  bring  copper  ore.    Still 

other   ships  bring  grain 

or  lumber.    Cars  loaded 

with  dressed  beef 

and  pork  from  the 

prairies  also  run 

to  this  city. 

Some  of  these 
products  go  east 
by  way  of  the  Erie 
canal.  Canal  boats 
go  from  lake  Erie 
to  the  Hudson 
river  and  down  to 
suk  weaving  at  T^    New  York.     Rail- 

Paterson,  New  Jersey  roads    also    follow 


MIDDLE  ATLANTIC  STATES 


151 


the  canal  and  river  to  the  same  great  port. 
It  is  easy  to  see  why  New  York  has  grown  to 
be  the  largest  seaport  in  America.  It  is  on  the 
best  route  of  trade,  and  the  largest  ships  can 
enter  its  deep  harbor. 

A  city  that  can  get  raw  products  so  easily 
is  a  good  place  for  workshops.  New  York  has 
more  workshops  than  any  other  city  in  the 
New  World. 

This  large  port  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hud- 
son river.  Steamboats  go  far  up  and  down 
this  river.  The  high  cliffs  or  pahsades  that 
form  its  baniks  are  noted  for 


Shipyard  on  the  Delaware  river,  near  Philadelphia 

their  beauty.  The  United  States  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point  is  on  the  Hudson. 
Young  men  are  here  trained  to  be  officers  in 
the  army.  Farther  up  the  river  is  the  city 
of  Albany.  This  is  the  capital  of  New  York 
state. 

Rochester  and  Syracuse  are  cities  on  the  Erie 
canal  route.  Falls  in  a  river  supply  water 
power  for  large  flour  mills  in  Rochester.  Syra- 
cuse is  well  known  for  its  salt  works.  The  salt 
brine  is  pumped  from  deep  wells,  and  the  salt 
is  left  when  the  water  evaporates. 

Pennsylvania.  This  state  has  the  best 
hard  coal  mines  in  the  country.  Coal  is 
needed  to  melt  iron  from  its  ore.  The  best 
iron  mines  are  near  lake  Superior,  and  much 


Pennsylvania.    This  state  has  the  largest  iron 
mills  in  the  country. 

Not  many  years  ago  it  had  the  best  iron 
mines.  The  fuel  and  iron  gave  the  city  of 
Philadelphia  a  good  start  in  manufactures.  Its 
mills  and  workshops  turn  out  almost  every 
kind  of  iron  and  steel  goods.  This  city  ships 
a  large  amount  of  coal  to  other  places. 

Helps.  —  In  what  direction  does  the  Eastern  highland 
extend  ?  What  does  the  text  say  about  the  ranges  ?  What 
lie  between  the  ranges  ? 

Where  is  the  Atlantic  slope?  What  is  said  about  the 
coast  plain  ?    Name  some  products  of  this  plain. 

Name  some  farm  products  of  these  states.    Name  some 

of  the  animals.  What  are 
taken  from  the  mines? 
What  come  from  weUs? 
Name  three  kinds  of  fuel 
in  these  states.  Of  what 
use  are  iron  and  fuel  to  a 
>tate  ? 

What  region  lies  west 
of  these  states?  Name 
some  products  of  the 
I  Dairies.  Where  are  many 
of  these  products  sent? 
Can  you  tell  how  they 
reach  Europe? 

Tell  aU  you  can  about 

:  he    kinds    of    work   the 

people  in  these  states  do. 

Why  do  so  many  people 

live  in  these  states?    Name  the  largest  city  in  America. 

What  is  said  of  its  size?    Name   a  great  city  that  was 

joined  to  New  York.     On  what  island  is  Brooklyn? 

Where  is  Buffalo?  Name  some  products  that  pass 
through  this  city.  How  are  they  taken  there?  In  what 
ways  are  many  of  the  products  sent  farther  east  ?  Why  has 
New  York  grown  to  be  such  a  large  port?  Why  has  it 
so  many  workshops?  What  is  said  about  the  number  of 
workshops  ? 

Where  is  New  York  city  ?  Is  the  Hudson  river  deep  or 
shallow?  Where  is  West  Point?  What  is  said  about  it? 
Name  and  locate  the  capital  of  New  York  state. 

Name  a  product  of  Rochester.    Name  one  of  Syracuse. 
Where  does  Syracuse  get  its  salt?    Can  you  think  of  one 
cause  of  the  growth  of  these  two  cities  ? 
What  state  has  the  best  hard  coal  mines? 


of  the    ore   is    sent  to  the   coal 


of 


Where  does 
Peimsylvania  get  its  best  iron  ore?  What  is  said  about 
the  iron  mills  in  this  state  ? 

What  gave  Philadelphia  a  start  in  manufactures  ?  What 
kind  of  goods  does  it  make  ?  On  what  waters  must  a  ship 
sail  in  going  from  Philadelphia  to  Liverpool  ? 


152 


MIDDLE  ATLANTIC   STATES 


Philadelphia  is  the  third  city  in  size  in  the 
country.  It  has  a  good  harbor  on  the  Dela- 
ware river.  Iron  ships  are  built  on  the  banks 
of  this  river. 

Many  sheep  are  raised  in  this  group  of 
states.  Wool  is  sent  to  Philadelphia  and  there 
made  into  yarn  and  cloth.  This  city  leads  the 
world  in  making  woolen  carpets. 

Philadelphia  is  reached  on  one  side  by  water 
and  on  all  other  sides  by  rail.  Products  from 
tae  prairies  and  the  cotton  fields  of  the  South 
are  sent  here  in  train  loads.    Some  are  used 


Oyster  fishing 

here,  but  others  are  sent  to      _ 
Europe.  ,^fj 

Pittsburg  has  the  largest 
iron  mills  in  the  country.  It 
is  in  the  fork  where  two  rivers  unite 
to  form  the  Ohio  river.  This  city  is  the  center 
of  a  great  region  of  oil  and  gas  wells  and  is 
within  easy  reach  of  coal  mines.  Thus  it  has 
plenty  of  fuel. 

In  the  upper  Ohio  valley  there  are  beds  of 
sandstone  used  in  making  glass.  The  stone  is 
crushed  and  melted  to  form  the  glass.  This 
region  is  noted  for  glassware. 

Allegheny  lies  across  the  river  from  Pitts- 
burg. They  really  form  one  great  center  of 
manufacture. 

The  capital  of  Pennsylvania  is  Harrisburg. 
It  is  one  of  many  cities  in  this  state  having 
iron  mills  in  or  near  them. 


New  Jersey.  This  state  shares  with  New 
York  the  fine  harbor  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hudson  river.  Many  steamship  lines  have 
their  piers  or  wharves  on  the  Jersey  City  side 
of  the  harbor.  Many  ferries  connect  this  city 
with  New  York. 

Not  far  away  is  Newark.  This  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  state.  It  has  large  works  for  tan- 
ning hides  and  making  glossy  patent  leather. 
Around  Trenton  are  found  beds  of  fine  clay 
that  is  made  into  beautiful  pottery.  This  city 
is  the  capital  of  the  state. 

Delaware.  Wilmington  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  state.  It  has  a  deep  harbor 
on  the  Delawai-e  river.  It  is  not  far  be- 
low Philadelphia  and  has  many  of  the 
same  kinds  of  industries.  Its  great  car 
works  are  well  known. 

This  state  is  wholly  in  the  coast  plain. 

It  is  noted  for  its  peaches.    Dover  is  the 

center  of  a  rich  fruit  district.    This  city 

is  the  capital  of  the  state.    Many  peaches 

are  canned  here  or  packed  fresh 

to  send  to  market. 

Maryland.  This  state  is 
almost  cut  in  two  by  the  Ches- 
apeake bay.  The  salt  water 
reaches  far  north  of  the  great 
city  of  Baltimore.  This  is  the 
largest  city  in  the  state  and  is 
the  chief  port.  Its  trade  is 
about  equal  in  value  to  that  of  Philadelphia. 

Railroads  from  the  prairies  carry  grain  to 
Baltimore.  Some  of  it  is  here  ground  to  flour. 
Both  grain  and  flour  are  shipped  to  Europe. 
This  city  is  within  easy  reach  of  great  tobacco 
fields  and  has  large  tobacco  factories. 

Chesapeake  bay  and  its  arms  have  the  best 
oyster  beds  in  the  world.  The  oysters  grow  on 
the  bottom  and  are  gathered  by  men  in  boats. 
Baltimore  is  a  noted  oyster  market. 

The  United  States  Naval  Academy  is  at 
Annapolis.  Young  men  are  here  trained  to  be 
officers  in  the  navy.  This  city  is  the  capital 
of  the  state. 


MIDDLE  ATLANTIC   STATES 


163 


District  of  Columbia.  Washington  is  the 
capital  of  the  United  States.  It  is  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  This  is  a  tract  of  land  set 
apart  for  the  use  of  the  nation.    It  is  not  a 

state. 

The  President  and  many  other  officers  of 
the  government  live  in  Washington.  The  laws 
of  the  nation  are  made  here.  The  Supreme 
Court,  the  highest  court  in  the  land,  meets  in 
this  city. 

Washington  is  noted  for  its  fine  buildings. 
The  largest  is  the  Capitol,  where  the  laws  are 
made.  The  Nation- 
al Library  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful 
buildings  in  the 
world. 

The  home  of  Wash- 
ington was  on  the  Po- 
tomac river  just  below 
this  city.  It  is  called 
Mt.  Vernon.  Find  it  on  the  map. 

There  are  many  places  of 
interest  in  Washington.  The 
White  House  is  the  home  of  - 
the  President.  Not  far  away 
rises  the  Washington  Monu- 
ment, the  tallest  stone  coliunn 
in  the  world.    See  page  38. 

Virginia.  The  western  part  of  this  state  is 
high  land.  It  has  several  ranges  of  mountains. 
The  Blue  ridge  is  the  highest.  The  long  valleys 
west  of  the  Blue  ridge  are  very  fertile. 

The  rest  of  the  state  is  in  the  Atlantic  slope. 
Many  rivers  flow  eastward  across  it. 

Richmond  is  the  capital.  It  is  at  the  head 
of  tide  water  on  the  James  river.  The  state 
raises  much  tobacco,  and  Richmond  is  a  lead- 
ing tobacco  market. 

Chesapeake  bay  enters  this  state  and  gives  it 
many  harbors.  Norfolk  has  one  of  the  best  on 
the  coast.  This  city  ships  large  quantities  of 
cotton.    It  comes  from  the  states  farther  south. 

West  Virginia.  This  state  has  no  sea- 
coast.  The  Allegheny  mountains  rise  between 
it  and  Virginia.    Its  rivers  flow  into  the  Ohio. 


Wheeling  is  the  largest  city  in  West  Virginia. 
This  city  is  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  gas  and  coal 
region.    Charleston  is  the  capital. 

Helps.  —  What  is  said  of  the  size  of  Philadelphia? 
On  what  river  is  it?  What  are  buUt  on  the  banks  of  this 
river?  Give  one  reason  why  Philadelphia  makes  woolen 
goods.    For  what  goods  is  it  noted  ? 

Where  is  Pittsburg  ?  Give  one  reason  for  the  growth  of 
iron  mills  in  this  city.    What  is  said  about  glass  ? 

What  is  the  capital  of  Pennsylvania  ?  On  what  river  is  it  ? 
What  states  border  on  New  York  harbor?    Where  is 
Jersey  City?    What  is  said  about  it? 

Name  the  largest  city  in  New  Jersey.    Tell  one  kind  of 

work  done  there. 
On  what  river  is 
the  capital 
of  New  Jer- 
sey ?     What 


Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis 

is  made  there?  Where  is  Wilmington?  What  is  said  of 
its  industries? 

Which  state  is  wholly  in  the  coast  plain?  Name  its 
capital.    What  kind  of  work  is  done  in  Dover? 

What  states  border  on  Chesapeake  bay?  Name  a  great 
port  on  this  bay.  What  is  said  about  the  trade  of  Balti- 
more ?  Name  some  kinds  of  work  done  in  Baltimore.  What 
are  some  of  its  exports  ?  Where  are  the  best  oyster  beds  in 
the  world?    What  is  the  capital  of  Maryland? 

What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ?  Where  is  it  ? 
Tell  all  you  can  about  it.  What  is  said  about  Mt.  Vernon? 
In  what  state  is  it? 

How  does  the  western  part  of  Virginia  differ  from  the 
eastern?  Name  two  ranges  in  Virginia.  Where  do  most 
of  the  rivers  flow?     Tell  what  you  can  about  Richmond. 

What  large  bay  enters  Virginia?  Where  is  Norfolk? 
Name  one  of  its  exports. 

Between  what  states  do  the  Allegheny  mountains  rise  ? 
How  do  the  rivers  of  West  Virginia  reach  the  sea  ? 

Where  is  Wheeling?  What  is  said  of  it?  What  is  the 
capital  of  West  Virginia  ? 


154 


CENTRAL  STATES 


114.   Central  states 

The  Central  states  include  most  of  the 
prairie  regions.  They  are  shown  on  two 
maps  on  pages  155  and  159.  Most  parts  of 
these  states  have  plenty  of  rain.  The  sum- 
mers are  hot  and  the  winters  cold. 

The  eastern  section  of  these  states  is  south 
and  west  of  the  Great  Lakes.  It  is  east  of  the 
Mississippi  river. 

We  have  learned  that  the  prairies  are  the 
best  farming  and  grazing  lands  in  the  country. 
Corn  and  wheat  are  the  chief  grains.  Millions 
of  cattle  and  sheep  graze  here.  Of  course  there 
are  many  horses  to  help  do  the  farm  work. 

The  richest  iron   mines  in  the  world  are 
near  the  south  shore  of  lake  Superior.    The 
same  region  has  very  rich 
copper  mines.    The 
soft  coal  under  large 
areas  of  the  prairies. 
The  states  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Ohio  river 
also  have  natural  gas. 
The  fuel  and  iron  have 
led  to  the  building  of    • 
great  iron  mills  in  the 
large  cities. 

Round  the  three  upper 
lakes  are  large  soft-wood 
forests.  Hard-wood  for- 
ests are  found  a  little  far- 
ther south.  This  part  of 
the  country  leads  in  mak- 
ing furniture  and  farm  tools 


page  155,  which  states  border  on  lake  Michigan?  Which 
border  on  the  Ohio  river  ?  —  on  the  Mississippi  ? 

Through  what  river  do  the  Great  Lakes  send  their 
waters  to  the  sea?  To  what  gulf  do  the  largest  rivers  of 
these  states  flow?  Whicli  of  these  states  contains  part 
of  the  Eastern  highland? 

What  rich  farming  region  is  mostly  in  the  Central  states? 
What  is  said  about  the  rain  and  the  seasons  here?   What 


It  is  noted  for 
wagons  and  machines  used  in  farming. 

The  Central  states  have  good  water  ways  to 
help  transport  all  these  products.  The  Great 
Lakes  form  one  of  the  best  in  the  world.  A 
glance  at  the  map  will  show  how  many  states 
and  cities  can  ship  freight  on  the  lakes.  The 
Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers  are  deep  enough 
for  large  steamboats.  Long  lines  of  railroad 
also  form  a  network  over  these  states. 

Helps.  —  What  group  of  states  is  east  of  the  Central 
states?  Which  of  the  Great  Lakes  are  on  the  north?   On 


Beef  room  in  a 
packing  house 

other  states  that  yo»j 
have  studied  have 
about  the  same  sea- 
sons? 

What  long  rivcT 
divides  the  Central 
states  into  two  sec- 
tions? The  little 
corner  map  on  page 
155  shows  where  the 
Eastern  section  is. 
south  of  Ohio  ? 


Packing  fowl  and  game 

What  large  state  is  east  of  Ohio? 

Tell  what  you  can  about  the  products  of  the  Central 
states.  What  are  the  chief  grains  ?  Of  what  use  are  the 
grass  lands  ?  Where  are  the  richest  iron  mines  ?  What  other 
mines  are  near  by  ?  Where  can  these  states  get  fuel  ?  Why 
are  there  many  iron  mills  in  the  great  cities  ? 

What  is  said  about  forests?  What  industries  owe  their 
growth  to  the  nearness  of  the  forests  ?  Can  you  think  of 
another  reason  why  many  wagons  and  farming  macliines 
are  made  here? 

•  Of  what  use  are  the  lakes  and  rivers  in  these  states? 
Which  of  these  states  have  ports  on  the  Great  Lakes? 
Name  two  great  rivers  that  are  good  water  ways.  How  can 
products  be  sent  where  there  are  no  lakes  nor  rivers  ?  Of 
what  use  are  railroads  that  run  to  lake  or  river  ports  ? 


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C  E  NT  K  A  li    \r  tP  /""iP'^Owdns, 

STATES       V«,, 

EASTERN  SECmON  X^l^"'! 

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156 


CENTEAL  STATES,  —  EASTEEN   SECTION 


115.   Central  states,  —  Eastern  section 

Ohio.    Cincinnati  is  a  great  river  port  and 
railroad  center.    It  has  a  large  trade  with  the 


I  Ij  1  I  •:■ 


imm        _^^ 


grazing  area.  It  is  thus  easy  to  see  why  this 
city  has  large  flour  mills  and  meat-packing 
houses.  Many  lines  of  railroad  run  to  this  city. 
Evansville  is  one  of  the  larsze  iiorts  on  the 


U 


1  liJftM? 


in. 


towns  of  three  states.  Look  at  the 
map  and  tell  which  they  are.  This 
is  one  of  the  cities  that  take  high 
rank  in  meat  packing. 

Cleveland  has  one  of  the  best  loca- 
tions in  the  country.    It  is  on  the 
south  shore  of  lake  Erie.    Some  ships  go  there 
loaded  with  iron  ore  or  with  lumber  from  the 
shores  of  the  upper  lakes.    Others  carry  grain 
or  other  prairie  products. 

This  city  is  not  far  from  the  coal  and 
oil  regions  of  Ohio  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. Thus  it  gets  cheap  fuel. 
The  city  has  iron  mills  and  huge 
oil  refineries.  Many  iron  steamers 
for  the  lake  trade^  are  built  here. 

Columbus    is    the    business 
center  of  middle  Ohio.    It  is 
the  capital  of  the  state. 

Toledo  is  near  the  western 
end  of  lake  Erie.    It  is  one 
of  the  great  ports  on  the 
lakes.    Many  prairie  prod- 
ucts pass  through  this 
city. 

Indiana.     Many 
cities  in  the  prairie 
states    have    grown 
as  centers  of  trade. 
Some  of  these  send 
out  and  receive  goods 
by  rail.    One  of  the 
largest  is  Indianapolis 
It  is  the  capital  of  Indiana. 
Round  it  is  a  rich  farming  and 


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World's  Fair  buildings,  Chicago 

Ohio  river.    It  is  the  largest  shipping  point  in 
the  southern  part  of  this  state. 

Illinois.  Illinois  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
richest  of  the  prairie  states.  Its  great  city 
and  port  is  Chicago.    It  is  near  the  southern 


,    end  of  lake  Michigan. 

^       Chicago   is   the   second 

city  in   size    in  America. 

It  leads  all  the  cities  of 

the  world  in  many  ways. 

It'  is  the   largest   lake  port. 

It  is  the  greatest  meat  market. 

It  buys  and  sells  the  most  wheat  and 

com.    It  makes  the  most  steel  rails.    It 


CENTEAL  STATES,  — EASTERN   SECTION 


157 


saws  the  most  lumber  and  makes  the  most 
furniture.    It  has  the  most  railroads. 

Many  prairie  products  are  sent  on  the  lakes 
from  Chicago  to  Buffalo.  How  may  they  then 
be  sent  to  New  York  ? 

Springfield  is  the  capital  of  lUinoi.s.  This 
city  and  Peoria  have  grown  up  as  centers  of 
trade  for  one  of  the  best  farming  regions  of 
the  world. 

Michigan'.  This  state  and  Montana  are  the 
richest  copper  states  in  the  country.    Michigan 


Lacrosse  is  one  of  the  river  ports  that  have 
a  large  trade  in  lumber. 

Madison  is  the  capital  of  the  state. 

Kentucky.  This  state  has  fine  grazing 
lands  and  tobacco  fields.  Its  largest  city  is 
Louisville.  It  is  a  railroad  center  and  one  of 
the  chief  tobacco  markets  of  the  world. 

Covington  and  Newport  are  thriving  cities 
across  the  river  from  Cincinnati.  Frankfort  is 
the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  in  the  midst  of 
a  grazing  region  famous  for  horses. 

Helps.  —  Name  a  port  on  the  Ohio.  Where  is  Cleve- 
land? What  do  ships  carry  to  this  city  ?  Where  can  Cleve- 
land get  fuel  ?  Name  some  industries  of  this  city.  What 
is  the  capital  of  Ohio  ?    Where  is  Toledo  ? 


is  also  the  rich- 
est iron  state. 
Many  cities 
on  the  Great 
Lakes  have 
about  the  same 
kind  of  trade 
as  Ch  icago. 
One  of  these  is 
Detroit.  It  has 
a  fine  harbor 
on  the  Detroit 


steamer  routes  on  the  Great  Lakes 

river  and  is  on  the  route  of  all  steamers  going 
from  the  upper  lakes  to  lake  Erie.  The  city 
can  thus  easily  obtain  such  material  as  lumber 
and  iron. 

Grand  Rapids  is  not  far  from  the  soft-wood 
and  hard-wood  forests.  This  city  is  famous 
for  the  manufacture  of  furniture. 

Lansing  is  the  capital  of  Michigan. 

Wisconsin.  Milwaukee  is  the  second  city 
in  size  on  lake  Michigan.  It  has  about  the 
same  kind  of  lake  trade  as  Chicago. 

Wisconsin  has  great  forests.  Much  of  the 
lumber  is  sent  down  the  Mississippi  river. 


Why  has  Indianaiwlis  become 
a  center  of  trade?  Can  you  tell 
what  kinds  of  products  are  sent 
to  this  city?  What  is  the  capital 
of  Indiana?  Name  a  large  river 
port  .of  this  state. 

Name  the  largest  city  in  the 
Central  states.  Where  is  it?  Name  six  ways  in  which 
Chicago  leads  the  world. 

On  which  lakes  would  a  vessel  sail  in  going  from  Chicago 
to  Buffalo?    What  freight  might  the  vessel  carry? 

Name  the  capital  of  Illinois.  Name  a  city  on  the  Illi- 
nois river  that  is  in  a  rich  fanning  district. 

Tell  some  reasons  why  Detroit  has  grown  to  be  a  large 
city.  To  what  does  Grand  Rapids  owe  its  growth?  What 
is  the  capital  of  Michigan  ? 

Name  two  large  ports  on  lake  Michigan.  What  kind  of 
trade  has  Milwaukee  ?  Name  a  lumber  market  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi river.  Where  does  the  lumber  come  from?  What 
is  the  capital  of  Wisconsin  ? 

Name  two  products  of  Kentucky.  What  is  said  about 
Louisville  ?    Name  two  cities  across  the  Ohio  from  Cincin- 


nati.   What  is  the  capital  of  Kentucky? 


158 


CENTRAL  STATES,  —  WESTERN  SECTION 


116.   Central  states,  —  Western  section 

The  states  of  this  group  are  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river.  The  greater  part  of  the  area 
is  rich  prairie,  but  the  western  part  is  dry. 

The  prairies  yield  large  crops  of  corn  and 
wheat.  Every  state  in  the  group  has  good 
grazing  lands.  In  the  north  many  people 
work  at  lumbering  in  the  forests.  Some  of 
these  states  have  rich  mines  of  lead  and  zinc. 

Missouri.  St.  Louis  is  the  largest  center 
of  trade  west  of  the  Mississippi  river.  The 
states  in  the  South  send  cotton  and  sugar 
up  the  great  river  to  St.  Louis.    The 


of  cattle  are  sent  from  states  farther  west  to 
fatten  in  the  corn  area  of  Kansas. 

Topeka  is  the  capital  of  Kansas.  Many 
railroads  meet  here  and  make  it  a  supply  city 
for  a  large  part  of  the  state. 

Most  of  Kansas  is  in  the  prairies,  but  the 
western  part  is  too  dry  for  grain  crops. 

Iowa.  This  is  one  of  the  rich  prairie  states. 
Des  Moines  and  Sioux  City  are  markets  for  all 
kinds  of  prairie  products.  The  former  is  the 
capital  of  the  state. 

Dubuque  and    Davenport   are 

lumber   markets    on    the 

Mississippi    river.    This 

great  stream  and  its 

branches  place  them 

within  easy  reach  of 

the  great  northern 

forests. 


Mississippi  levee  or  river  front  in  St.  Louis 


Western  plain  and  the  prairies  supply  cattle 
and  grain.    Various  states  send  tobacco. 

Trains  from  St.  Louis  reach  every  part  of 
the  near-by  states  and  carry  out  every  kind 
of  article  needed  on  the  farms  or  in  the  mines. 

Jefferson  City  is  the  capital  of  this  state. 

Kansas  City  is  one  of  the  great  railroad  cen- 
ters of  the  country.  It  has  a  large  trade  with 
the  farming  and  grazing  area  round  about. 
By  the  side  of  this  city  there  is  another  of  the 
same  name  in  Kansas. 

Kaxsas.  One  of  the  twin  cities  named 
Kansas  City  is  in  the  eastern  part  of  this 
state.  These  cities  are  the  largest, meat  mar- 
ket west  of  Chicago.    Each  year  thousands 


Helps. — What  country 
is  ou  the  north  of  this 
;roup  of  states?  What 
other  .states  that  we  have 
studied  border  on  Canada  ? 
Which  states  of  this  group  are 
on  the  west  or  right  bank  of  the 
Mississippi  river  ?  How  many  states 
in  this  group  are  touched  by  the 
Missouri  river?  Name  the  largest 
lake  that  borders  on  Minnesota. 
Which  part  of  this  group  of  states 
is  in  the  prairies?  Why  is  the  western  part  not  fertile? 
Name  some  products  of  these  states. 

What  is  said  of  the  size  of  St.  Louis?  Name  some 
products  that  are  sent  to  this  city.  What  kinds  of  goods 
are  shipped  away  from  it?  Can  you  name  some  articles 
needed  on  farms  ?  —  in  mines  ?  W  here  are  the  Ozark 
mountains  ? 

What  is  the  capital  of  Missouri?  On  what  river  is  it? 
Name  another  city  higher  up  the  river.  Tell  what  you  can 
about  the  twin  Kansas  Cities.  What  is  the  capital  of  Kan- 
sas ?    Which  part  of  this  state  is  dry  ? 

Name  a  prairie  state  north  of  Missouri.  How  do  you 
know  that  it  has  fertile  soil  ?  Name  two  cities  that  handle 
its  prairie  products.  Which  of  these  is  the  capital  ?  Which 
is  on  the  Missouri  river? 

What  kind  of  products  would  you  expect  to  find  in  Iowa  ? 
What  is  the  capital  of  this  state  ?  Name  two  lumber  markets 
of  Iowa.  Why  have  many  of  the  cities  along  the  Missis- 
sippi river  become  lumber  markets  ? 


Longitude     100  West  US  from  96        Greenwich      M 


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SCALE  OP  MILES -- 

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160 


CENTRAL  STATES,  —  WESTP:RN   SECTION 


Minnesota.  This  state  has  some  of  the 
best  wheat  lands  in  the  world.  They  are  in 
the  valley  of  the  Red  river.  The  state  also 
has  both  softrwood  and  hard- wood  forests. 
Minneapolis  is  within  easy  reach  of  the  wheat 
fields  and  the  forests.  This  city  has  fine 
water  power.  It  makes  more  flour  than  any 
other  city  in  the  world  and  is  the  largest  lum- 
ber market  in  this  group  of  states. 

Steamboats  can  go  up  the  Mississippi  river 
from  the  gulf  of  Mexico  to  St.  Paul.  This  city 
is  also  a  railroad  center.  The  rail  and  water 
routes  make  it  a  supply  city 
for  a  large  farming  and 
lumbering  region.  This  city 
is  the  capital  of  the  state. 
•  Duluth  is  on  a  good  har- 
bor at  the  western  end  of 
lake  Superior.  This  port 
handles  much  of  the  wheat 
raised  on  the  rich 
lands 
of  the 


river  valley.  The  southeast  part  of  the  state 
is  in  the  corn  belt  of  the  prairies.  There  are 
rich  gold  mines  in  the  Black  hills. 

Sioux  Falls  and  Pierre  are  trade  centers. 
The  latter  is  the  capital. 

Nebraska.  The  richest  lands  of  Nebraska 
are  in  the  eastern  half.  The  map  shows  that 
the  chief  cities  and  towns  are  in  the  same  half. 
The  largest  city  is  Omaha.  It  is  on  the  Mis- 
souri river  and  is  also  a  railroad  center.  This 
city  is  a  great  cattle  market.  It  has  a  large 
trade  in  prairie  products. 


river 
prai- 
ries. 


River  full  of  logs  in  Wisconsin 


covered  the  lands  now  known  as  the  Red  river  prairies 
and  also  a  much  larger  area  stretching  northward  in 
Canada.  Streams  carried  fine  mud  into  the  ancient  lake 
and  spread  it  over  the  bottom.  After  a  long  time  the 
lake  was  drained  away,  and  the  mnddy  bottom  dried 
and  became  the  most  fertile  wheat  land  in  the  world. 

North  Dakota.  Part  of  the  famous  Red 
river  wheat  district  is  in  this  state.  Large 
areas  also  afford  good  grazing. 

Fargo  and  Bismarck  are  centers  of  trade. 
The  latter  is  the  capital. 

South  Dakota.  The  northeast  part  of  this 
state  is  in  the  famous  wheat  lands  of  the  Red 


Lincoln  is  the  chief 
city  for  the  wheat  and 
corn  district  of  southeast  Nebraska.  It  is  the 
capital  of  the  state. 

Helps Between  which  two  states  does  the  Red  river 

flow  ?  For  what  is  its  valley  noted  ?  Tell  all  you  can  about 
Minneapolis.    Tell  all  you  can  about  St.  Paul. 

Where  is  Duluth?  Name  some  great  cities  that  can  be 
reached  by  boat  from  Duluth.  Tell  how  you  might  go  in 
a  boat  from  Duluth  to  New  York  city. 

What  two  other  states  include  part  of  the  Red  river 
valley?  Which  part  of  South  Dakota  is  in  the  corn  belt? 
Where  are  the  Black  hills?    What  comes  from  them? 

Name  two  cities  of  North  Dakota.  Name  two  of  South 
Dakota.  Which  are  capitals?  Which  part  of  Nebraska  has 
the  best  soil?  Where  is  Omaha?  Why  has  it  become  a 
center  of  trade  ?    What  is  the  capital  of  Nebraska? 


B  117.  Southern  states 

'"  The  Southern  states  are  shown  on  the  next 
two  maps.  They  are  mostly  in  the  Southern 
plain.  The  Eastern  section  is  east  of  the 
Mississippi  river. 

The  Eastern  highland  enters  all  but  two  of 
the  states  of  this  section.  Mt.  Mitchell  is  the 
highest  peak  in  the  whole  highland.  Find  it 
on  the  map. 

The  rivers  show  that  most  of  this  section 
slopes  to  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  gulf  of  Mex- 
ico. There  is  plenty  of  rain.  The  winters  are 
short  and  cool.  The 


SOUTHERN  STATES 


161 


This  long  list  of  products  shows  what  kind 
of  work  the  people  of  the  South  do.  They 
work  in  the  cotton  fields.  They  weave  cotton 
cloth.  They  press  oil  from  cotton  seed.  They 
take  care  of  fruit  trees.  They  plant  the  rice 
fields.  They  raise  sugar  cane  and  make  sugar. 
They  raise  corn  and  wheat.  They  feed  cattle. 
They  cut  down  trees  and  saw  lumber.  They 
make  tar  and  rosin  out  of  the  sap  of  pine  trees. 
They  dig  iron  ore  and  coal.  They  work  in  iron 
mills.  They  work  on  railroads  and  ships  that 
carry  the  various  products. 


summers 
and  hot. 
Cotton 
leading 


are 


long     J 


IS 

crop 


the 


in 


these  states.  Part 
is  made  into  cloth 
in  cities  near  the 
cotton  fields.  Much 
more  is  sent  to 
northern  cities  and 
to  Europe. 

Peaches,  pears 
and  other  fruits 
thrive  in  parts  of 
these  states.  Oj'- 
anges  grow  well  in 
Florida.  Many 
early  vegetables  are 
raised  for  northern 
cities  and  towns. 

Rice  grows  in  the  wet  lands  near  many  of 
the  rivers.  The  rich  lands  near  the  lower  Mis- 
sissippi are  noted  for  rice.  Sugar  cane  thrives 
near  the  same  region  and  in  other  fertile  river 
valleys  farther  west. 

Com  and  wheat  are  raised  in  many  parts  of 
these  states.  Large  forests  of  long-leaf  pine 
grow  on  the  Southern  plain.  Lumber  and 
rosin  are  leading  products. 

There  are  iron  and  coal  mines  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  Eastern  highland.  Iron  mills 
have  been  built  near  the  mines. 


They 


Loading  cotton  at  Memphis.    Steamboats  on  the  Mississippi  river 


There  are  many  cities  in  the  South, 
are  not  so  large  as  some  in  the  North. 

Helps.  —  Into  which  of  these  states  does  the  Eastern 
highland  enter?  What  is  said  of  Mt.  Mitchell?  Where 
is  it  ?  How  does  the  climate  of  these  states  differ  from  that 
of  the  Northern  states? 

What  is  the  leading  crop  in  the  South?  Where  is  the 
cotton  used?  Name  two  kinds  of  fruit  that  grow  here. 
Name  a  product  of  the  wet  lands.  What  products  grow  in 
the  rich  lands  near  the  Mississippi  river  ? 

Rice  is  a  grain.  Name  two  other  grains  that  grow  in 
these  states.    Tell  what  you  can  about  the  long-leaf  pine. 

What  are  mined  in  the  Eastern  highland?  Tell  all  you 
can  about  the  work  the  people  in  these  states  do. 


SOUTHERN  STATES,  —  EASTERN   SECTION 


163 


li! 


118.   Southern  states,  —  Eastern  section 

North  Carolina.  This  is  one  of  the  south- 
pine  and  cotton  states.    Wilmington  is  the 
largest  city.    It  exports  lumber  and  cotton. 

Raleigh  is  the  capital.    It  has  tobacco  fac- 
tories and  cotton  mills. 

South  Carolina.  This  state 
has  a  large  export  trade  in 
southern  products. 
Among  these  are 
lumber,  turpentine 
and  rice.  Charleston 
is  the  largest  city 
and  chief  port. 

Columbia,  the  cap- 
ital, is  a  railroad 
center. 

Georgia.  This  is 
a  great  cotton  state. 
It  is  noted  also  for 
its  peaches. 

Atlanta  is  the  cap- 
ital. Being  a  rail- 
road center,  it  is  a 
market  for  products 

of  the  South.    Large  Long-leaf  pine,  North  Carolina 

cotton  mills  have  been  built  in  this  busy  city. 

Savannah  is  a  port  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
of  the  same  name.  It  takes  high  rank  in  the 
export  of  rosin,  cotton  and  rice. 

Augusta  has  some  of  the  largest  cotton 
mills  in  the  South. 

Florida.     Jacksonville  is    the 
chief  city.    It   is  a  leading 
port  for  naval  stores 
and     lumber 

Pensacola 
has  a  fine 
harbor  and 
ranks  high  in 
the  export  of 
lumber. 

Key  West  is  in  a 
group  of  coral  islands.    It 
is    noted    for    cigars    and 


sponges.     Tampa, 
also  noted  for  cigars, 
is   the    chief   port  for 
steamers  going  to  Cuba. 
Tallahassee  is  the  capital. 

Helps.  —  Name  the  Southern  states  along 
the  Atlantic  ocean.    Which  is  a  long  penin- 
sula 'I    What  group  of  islands  is  east  of  Flor- 
ida? The  Bahama  islands  belong  to  Great 
Britain.    Name  the  states  along  the  gulf  of 
Mexico  from  Florida  to  the  Mississippi  delta. 
Which  states  in  this  group  are  on  the 
east  bank   of  the  Mississij)pi  ?    Which   of 
these  states  has  no  seacoast? 
What  is  the   highest  peak  in  the  Eastern  highland? 
Where   is    cape   Hatteras  ?    Name    a   product   of   North 
Carolina.    What    is    said    about    Wilmington? — about 
Raleigh  ? 

Name  two  products  of  South  Carolina.    Where  is  its 
largest  city  ?    What  is  its  capital  ? 

Name  two  products  of  Georgia.  What  is  the  capital 
of  this  state?  Why  has  Atlanta  become  a  great 
market  ?    Name  an  industry  of  this  city. 
Where  is  Savannah?  What  is  said 
about   it?    Between  what 
states  does  the  Savan- 
nah river  flow? 
What  city 
has  some  of 
the  largest  cot- 
ton mills  in  the  South  ? 
Name  the  most  southerly 
state.    What  is  said  about 
Jacksonville  ?  —  Pensa- 
cola?—Key  West?  — 
Tampa?     Name   the    capital   of 


Shipping  rosin.  Savannah 


Florida. 


SOUTHERN  STATES,  — WESTERN  SECTION 


165 


Alabama.  Mobile  is  on  a  good  harbor  at  the 
head  of  Mobile  bay.  Cotton  and  lumber  are 
the  chief  exports. 

Birmingham  is  in  the  heart  of  the  coal  and 
iron  district.    It  has  great  iron  and  steel  mills. 

I  Montgomery  is  the  capital. 
Mississippi.  Some  of  the  rich- 
est lands  in  the  country  are  in 
this  state.  They  are  the  low  lands 
made  by  the  Mississippi  river  and 
its  branches.  Nearly  all  kinds 
of  southern  products  grow  in  this 
state.  Among  them  are  cotton, 
rice  and  sugar  cane.  There  are 
also  valuable  forests. 

Vicksburg  and  Natchez  are  well- 
known  cotton  markets  on  the 
Mississippi  river.    Jackson  is  the 

i  capital. 
Tennessee.  Tl^is  state  has  large 
areas  of  wheat  and   tobacco.    It 
also  has  great  forests.    Nashville 
is  the  capital  and  largest  city.     It  is  a  market 
for  wheat,  tobaccb,  cattle  and  lumber. 

Memphis  is  the  leading  cotton  market  in  the 
state.  It  is  built  on  the  eastern  bluffs  of  the 
Mississippi  river.  Its  river  trade  is 
very  large.  Much  of 
the  cotton  is  sent   by 

Krail  to  eastern  cities . 
Chattanooga  is  in  the 
coal  and  iron  region 
near  the  southern  end 
of  the  Eastern  high- 
land. 

Helps.  — Where  is  Mobile? 
What  does  it  export?  What 
is  the  chief  industry  of  Bir- 
mingham ?  Name  the  capital 
of  Alabama. 

Tell  about  the  products  of 
Mississippi.  Locate  its  two 
chief  river  ports.  Name  the 
state  capital. 

Name   three    products   of 
Tennessee.    What  is  said  about  Nashville? 
phis  ?  —  about  Chattanooga  ? 


119.  Southern  states,  — Western  section 

Most  of  the  products  of  these  states  are  like 
those  of  the  Eastern  section.  Cotton  thrives 
over  great  areas.  Wheat  and  corn  grow  in 
the  more  fertile  areas.    Sugar  cane  and  rice 


Southern  cotton  mill 


-about  Mem- 


Steamship  loading  cotton  at  Savannah 

grow  in  the  deltas  and  other  rich  lands  along 
the  rivers.  Cattle  and  sheep  graze  over  large 
tracts.  Texas  is  a  leading  state  for  cattle 
and  sheep. 

Louisiana.  New  Orleans  is  the  chief 
city  of  the  Southern 
states.  It  is  about  one 
hundred  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Mis.sis- 
sippi  river.  This  noble 
river  floats  to  New 
Orleans  many  of  the 
products  of  the  states 
that  line  its  banks. 

This  city  is  the  lead- 
ing market  for  cotton. 
Its  trade  in  rice  and 
sugar  also  is  large.  The 
mills  and  workshops  of 
the  city  are  growing 
very  fast.  Several  lines 
of  railroad  center  in  New  Orleans,  and  great 
steamers  from  the  ocean  reach  its  wharves. 


166 


southp:rn  states,— western  section 


Shreveport  is  a  large  cotton  market  on  the 
Red  river.  Baton  Rouge,  on  tlie  Mississippi 
river,  is  the  capital. 

Texas  is  the  largest  state.  It  is  the  lead- 
ing cotton  state  and  takes  high  rank  for  rice 
and  sugar.  Its  rich  prairies  produce  wheat. 
This  state  has  many  oil  wells. 

Dallas  and  Fort  Worth  are  trade  centers  for 
the  rich  Texas  prairies.  These  cities  supply 
a  large  farming  and  grazing  district. 

San  Antonio  is  famous  as  the  scene  of  the 
battle  of  the  Alamo.    The  Alamo  is  a  building 
in  which  a  few  brave 
Americans 


lines  form  a  network  over  the  state.  This  state 
includes  the  former  territory  of  Oklahoma  and 
the  Indian  territory.  The  latter  was  long  ago 
set  apart  as  a  home  for  tribes  of  Indians,  but 
many  white  people  also  went  there  to  live. 

Oklahoma  has  rich  mines  of  soft  coal.  The 
fertile  soil  produces  cotton,  com  and  wheat. 
There  are  also  good  grass  lands  for  cattle. 
The  state  has  rich  oil  wells,  and  valuable  for- 
ests cover  much  of  the  eastern  part. 

Oklahoma,  Guthrie  and  South  McAlester  are 
leading  cities.  The  latter  is  in  the  coal  dis- 
trict.   Guthrie  is  the 


capital. 


Mississippi  levee  or  river  front  in  New  Orleans 


fell  while  hghting  for  the  independence  of 
Texas  from  Mexico. 

Galveston  is  the  chief  port  of  Texas.  It  is 
on  an  island  at  the  entrance  to  Galveston  bay. 
This  is  one  of  the  leading  cotton  ports  of  the 
country.    Austin  is  the  capital  of  Texas. 

Arkansas.  Little  Rock  is  the  capital  and 
largest  city  in  this  state.  This  is  one  of  the 
many  southern  cities  that  make  cotton-seed 
oil  and  oil  cake. 

Fort  Smith  is  a  center  of  trade  for  the 
western  part  of  the  state.  It  is  above  Little 
Rock  on  the  Arkansas  river. 

Oklahoma.  Oklahoma  was  opened  to  white 
settlers  only  a  few  years  ago,  but  it  is  now 
dotted  with  tliriving  towns  and  cities.   Railroad 


Helps.  —  Name  some  of  the  products  of  this  group  of 
states.  What  and  where  is  the  largest  city?  Tell  all  you 
can  about  New  Orleans. 

Into  what  does  the  Red  river  flow?  Name  a  cotton 
market  on  this  river.  Where  is  there  another  Red  river? 
See  page  159.  What  is  the  capital  of  Louisiana?  ^\'llat 
river  is  building  a  delta  in  this  state? 

Where  is  the  Brazos  river?  What  is  said  about  the  size 
of  Texas?  Which  part  of  Texas  has  few  towns?  Why? 
Name  two  cities  in  the  Texas  prairies.  For  what  is  San 
Antonio  noted  ?  What  and  where  is  the  chief  port  of 
Texas?  Name  one  of  its  exports.  AVhat  is  the  capital 
of  this  great  state  ? 

What  great  river  flows  southeastward  across  Arkansas  ? 
What  is  the  capital  of  Arkansas  ?  What  are  made  in  this 
city?    Where  is  Fort  Smith? 

What  state  lies  west  of  Arkansas  ?  What  long  river  flows 
eastward  across  it  ? 

What  does  Oklahoma  include?  What  is  said  of  its  peo- 
ple ?  —  of  its  products  ?    Name  three  of  its  cities; 


SOUTHWESTERN  STATES 


167 


120.   Southwestern  states 

The  states  in  the  Western  highland  have 
very  rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  The 
richest  are  in  the  Rocky  mountains. 

The  plains  east  of  the  mountains  support 
many  cattle.  Sheep  and  cattle  are  also  found 
in  many  parts  of  the  highland. 
;  jjl  The  valleys  west  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  and  Coast  ranges  pro- 
duce great  quantities  of  wheat 
and  fruits.  The  western  slopes 
of  these  mountains  have  heavy 
rainfall  and  supply  lumber. 

The  plateau  between  the 


Pikes  peak  is  not  fax  from  Denver.  A  railway  goes 
to  the  top  of  this  peak.  It  is  one  of  the  best  known 
mountains  in  the  country.  Its  snowy  top  can  be  seen 
from  far  away  in  the  plains. 

Miners  need  picks  and  shovels.  They  must  have 
also  drills  and  hammers.  Some  of  the  mines  use 
engines  for  pumping  water  or  for  hoisting. 


Rocks  deeply  worn  by  water  in  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river 


The  miners  need 
hoiises  and  all  that 
goes  to  fit  them  for 
homes.  They  must 
have  food  and  cloth- 
ing. Often  they  must 
use  powder  for  blast- 
ing hard  rocks.  Den- 
ver sells  many  such 
articles  to  the  miners. 


Rocky  mountains  and  Sierra  Nevada  is  known 
as  the  Great  Basin.  A  large  part  sends  no 
river  to  the  ocean.  The  Great  Basin  is  thinly 
settled. 

Colorado.  This  state  has  the  richest  mines 
of  gold  and  silver  in  the  country. 

Denver  is  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  but 
near  enough  to  supply  mining  towns.  This 
city  has  also  a  large  trade  with  cattle  ranches 
on  the  plains.    It  is  the  state  capital. 


Pueblo  has  large  works  for  smelting  ores. 
Smelting  means  melting  ores  to  get  metals 
from  them.  Pueblo  smelts  ores  of  silver  and 
lead  and  also  has  great  iron  works. 

Helps.  —  Name  two  products  of  the  Western  highland. 
Name  two  products  of  the  Western  plain.  What  part  of  this 
region  has  large  crops  of  wheat  and  fruits  ? 

In  what  does  the  state  of  Colorado  take  the  lead  ?  Tell 
what  you  can  about  its  largest  city.  Name  a  high  peak 
not  far  from  Denver.  What  does  smelting  mean?  Name 
some  ores  that  are  smelted  in  Pueblo. 


168 


SOUTH  WESTERN  STATES 


New  Mexico.  Silver  mining  and  cattle  rais- 
ing are  the  chief  industries  of  New  Mexico. 
Santa  Fe  is  the  capital.  It  is  the  second  oldest 
town  in  the  United  States.  St.  Augustine 
in  Florida  is  the  oldest.  Santa  Fe  and 
Albuquerque  sell  supplies  for  mines  and 
ranches. 

Arizona.  Arizona  has  rich  mines  of 
copper  and  silver.  Phoenix  is  the  capital. 
This  city  and  Tucson  supply  outfits  to 
miners. 

Utah.  Utah  is  one  of  the  leading  states 
in  the  mining  of  silver.    Fruits,  vege- 
tables and  grains  grow  in  the  small 
river  valleys,  where  water  from 
the  streams  can  be  led^  over 
the  fields  and  gardens. 

Salt  Lake  City  and  Ogden 
are  centers  of  supply  for 
the  mining  and  farming 
districts.  The  former  is 
the  capital  of  the  state. 
It  is  famous  as  the  home 
of  the  Mormon  church. 

Nevada. 
This  state  has 
rich  gold  and 
silver  mines. 
Virginia  and 
Carson  City  an 
the  chief  min- 
ing centers. 
The  latter  is 
the  capital. 

California. 
San  Francisco  is 
the  largest  city 
on  the  Pacific 
coast.  It  has 
one  of  the  best 
harbors  in  the 
world.  A  large 
part  of  the  for- 
eign trade  of 
the  Pacific  states 


.  passes  through  this  port,  in  the  spring  of  1906 
San  Francisco  was  shaken  by  terrible  earth- 
quakes.   A  large  part  of  the  city  was  burned. 


a  Colorado  silver  mine 


Mormon  Temple  and  Tabernacle 
in  Salt  Lake  City,  UUh 

The  Golden  Gate  is  the 
name  of  the  entrance  to 
San  Francisco  harbor  or 
bay. 

Los  Angeles  is  growing 
rapidly.    It  is  the  princi- 
pal city  in  the  orange  dis- 
trict of  southern  California. 
Sacramento  is  the  capital. 

Helps. — What  ocean  is  west  of  California  Y 
\\  liat  liigliland  crosses  these  states  from  north  to  south? 
What  great  mountain  range  crosses  New  Mexico  and  Col- 
orado ?    In  what  state  is  nearly  all  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ? 

What  have  you  read  about  the  canyon  of  the  Col- 
orado river?  Into  what  gulf  does  this  river  flow?  In 
what  mountains  does  the  river  rise  ?  What  two  states  are 
wholly  or  partly  separated  from  Arizona  by  this  river? 

In  what  state  is  Great  Salt  lake  ?  —  Mt.  Whitney  ?  — 
Pikes  peak?  —  Mt.  Shasta?  —  the  Wasatch  mountains? 
To  what  bay  does  the  Sacramento  river  flow  ? 

Name  some  products  of  New  Mexico.  What  and 
where  is  the  oldest  town  in  our  country?  —  the  second 
oldest?    Name  two  towns  of  New  Mexico. 

What  is  said  about  Arizona?  —  about  its  towns? 
Name  a  mineral  of  Utah.  What  is  said  about  other 
products  of  Utah  ?  Name  two  cities  of  Utah.  For  what 
is  Salt  Lake  City  noted? 

What  is  said  about  Nevada  and  its  to\\Tis?  Tell  what 
you  can  about  San  Francisco.  What  is  the  Golden  Gate  ? 
What  is  said  about  Los  Angeles?  Name  the  capital  of 
California. 


170 


NORTHWESTEKN  STATES 


121.   Northwestern  states 

These  states  are  like  the  Southwestern 
states  in  many  ways.  Both  groups  are  in  the 
Western  highland.  Both  are  crossed  by  the 
Rocky  mountains.  Both  have  many  gold  and 
silver  mines.  Both  have  grazing  lands  in 
the  Western  plain  and  between  the 
ranges.  Both  have  valleys  of 
rich  soil  yielding  wheat 
Both  have  great  liun 
ber  forests  on  the 
slopes  of  the 
mountains 
facing  the  "^ 
ocean. 

Many  salmon 
are  caught  in  the  Colum 
bia  river. 

Montana.   This  state  and  Michi- 
gan are  the  leading  copper  states  in  the 
Union.    Montana  ranks  second  to  Colorado  in 
silver  and  also  has  rich  gold  mines. 

Helena,  the  capital,  deals  largely  in  supplies 
for  miners  and  cattle  men. 

The  city  of  Butte  is  the  center  of  copper  min- 
ing in  the  state  of  Montana. 

Wyoming.  Cheyenne,  the 
capital,  is  a  noted  market 
for  cattle.  This  city  and 
Laramie  sell  supplies  to 
cattle  men. 

Idaho.  This  is  chiefly  a 
gold  and  silver  mining 
state,  but  there  are  fertile 
wheat  fields  in  many  of  the 
river  valleys. 

Boise  is  the  capital  and 
center  of  trade. 

Oregon.  The  valleys 
west  of  the  Cascade  i-ange 
have  farms  and  orchards. 
East  of  this  range  are  many 
wheat  fields  and  grazing 
tracts  for  sheep  and  cattle. 
This    state    supplies    much 


^H^^Kt^^B^^^-      ,wj                -jfnif'"*^"^K'' 

i 

^E|j|:^^ 

^^^^^^^^HjP^^^^mBK^  My- /i        I^^^^HI 

Wb 

■H^p^'^^^^^H 

IHHBSr^^^           j^sh^BH^^H 

Forest  ui  ui  uees  ucai  the  Pacific  coast  of 
the  United  States 


lumber.  Portland  is  the  largest  center  of 
trade  in  this  group  of  states.  Salem  is  the 
capital. 

Washington.    This  state  has  good  harbors 
on  Puget  sound,    its  products  are  hke  those 
of  Oregon.    Seattle  and    Tacoma  are  two 
ports  having  a  large  trade  in  soft- 
wood lumber.     Olympia  is  the 
capital. 

Helps —  In  what  part 

of   our  country 

is  this  group 

:^    of    states? 

What   coun- 

s  on  the  nortli  ? 

Xanie  all  the  states  that 

bolder  on  the  Pacific  ocean. 

What  does  the  relief  map  of  the 

United  States  show  about  the  surface 

of   these   states?     Which   of   the   states  are 

crossed  by  the   Cascade  range?  —  by  the   Rocky 

mountains  ? 

What   great   river  flows   through  the   Cascade  range? 

Between  what  two  states  does  it  flow  ? 

Name  some  of  the  products  of  these  states.  For  what 
three  mining  products  does  Montana  take  "high  rank? 
What  is  the  capital  of  Montana?  What  is  the  great 
copper  city  of  this  mountain  state  ? 

Name  a  product  of  Wyoming. 
Name  two  of  its  cities.  What  are 
some  of  the  products  of  Idaho? 
What  is  the  chief  city  of  Idaho? 
Tell  what  you  can  about  the 
products  of  Oregon.  What  is  the 
leading  port  of  this  state?  What 
is  the  capital  of  Oregon  ? 

What  is  said  of  the  products  of 
Washington?  Where  is  Puget 
sound?  Name  two  ports  on  this 
sound.  What  is  the  capital  of 
Washington  ? 

In  which  of  these  states  is  the 
Yellowstone  park  ?  This  park  is  a 
rough  and  wild  natural  region  set 
apart  by  the  government  as  a  park 
for  the  whole  nation.  One  object 
was  to  preserve  for  ages  the  geysers, 
hot  springs  and  other  natural  objects 
for  which  the  park  is  noted.  Some 
rivers  flow  from  this  park  to  the 
Pacific  ocean,  others  to  the  gulf 
of  Mexico. 


SUPPLEMENT 


Population  of  the  Principal  Cities  of  the  World 


WORTH  AMERICA 


British  America 


Year 

1901 
1801 
1901 
1901 
1901 
1901 
1901 
1901 
1901 
1891 
1901 
1901 


Montreal 
Toronto  . 
Quebec  . 
Ottawa  . 
Hamilton 
Winnipeg 
Halifax  . 
St.  John  . 
London  . 
St.  Johns 
Vancouver 
Victoria  . 


Central  America 

1904  Guatemala  . 

1901  San  Salvador 
1900  Leon  .  .  . 
1900  Managua     . 

1902  Panama  .  . 
1900  San  Jose .    . 


Mexico 

1900    Mexico    .    . 
1900    Guadalajara 


ir 


'nited  States 

See  page  iv 


West  Indies 

1902  Havana   .    .  . 

1903  Port  au  Prince 
1902  Kingston  .  . 
1902  Santiago .  .  . 
1902  Matanza*  .  . 
1902  Cienfuegos  .  . 


Population 

267,000 
208,000 
69,000 
60,000 
53,000 
42,000 
41,000 
41,000 
38,000 
29,000 
26,000 
21,000 


96,000 
60,000 
45,000 
30,000 
28,000 
25,000 


345,000 
101,000 


276,000 
70,000 
47,000 
43,000 
36,000 
30,000 


SOUTH  AMERICA 


Argentina 

1904  Buenos  Aires  . 
1901  La  Plata .  .  . 
1901    Cordoba  .    .    . 

Bolivia 

1904  La  Paz  .  .  . 
1904    Sucre  .... 

Brazil 

1900  Rio  de  Janeiro 

1890  Babia  .... 

1890  Pernambuco   . 

1890  Para   .... 


Chile 

1901    Santiago .    . 

1901  Valparaiso  . 

Colornbia 

1902  Bogota    .    . 
1902    Barranquilla 

EcuadA)r 

1901    Quito  .    .    . 
1901    Guayaquil  . 


Guiana 

1891  Georgetown 
1902  Paramaribo 
1900    Cayenne  .    . 


966,000 
75,000 
60,000 


60,000 
21,000 


750,000 
174,000 
112,000 
40,000 


297,000 
133,000 


120,000 
40,000 


80,000 
61,000 


63,000 
%,000 
12,000 


Paraguay 

Tear 

1900  Asuncion 

Peru 

1903  Lima   .    . 

1903  Arequipa 

1903  Callao      . 

1903  Cuzco  .    . 


Population 
.      62,000 


130,000 
40,000 
20,000 
15,000 


Uruguay 
1902    Montevideo 

Venezuela 

1894  Caracas  .  . 
1894  Valencia .  . 
1894    Maracaibo  . 


EUROPE 

Austria-Hungary 

1901  Vienna    .  .  . 

1901  Budapest  .  . 

1901  Prague     .  .  . 

1901  Trieste    .  .  . 


73,000 
39,000 
34,000 


.  1,675,000 
.  733,000 
.  202,000 
.     134,000 


Belgium 

1902  Brussels 

1902  Antwerp 

1902  Liege  .    . 

1902  Ghent.    . 


587,000 
287,000 
166,000 
163,000 


Balkan  States 

1904  Constantinople    .1,203,000 

1904  Bukharest  .    .    .    276,000 

1896  Athens     ....    111,000 

1904  Salonilii  ....    105,000 

1904  Sofia 68,000 


Denmark 
1901    Copenhagen 


England  and  Wales 

1904    London    .    . 

.  4,649,000 

1904    Liverpool     . 

.    723,000 

1904    Manchester 

.    558,000 

1904    Birmingham 

.    538,000 

1904    Leeds  .    .    . 

.    450,000 

1904    Sheffield.     . 

.    433,000 

1904    Bristol     .     . 

.    343,000 

1904    Bradford     . 

.    285,000 

1904    Cardiff    .    . 

.     176,000 

France 

1901  Paris 2,714,000 

1901  Marseille     .    .    .  491,000 

1901  Lyon 459,000 

1901  Bordeaux    .    .     .  257,000 

1901  Lisle 211,000 

1901  Toulouse     .    .    .  150,000 

1901  Havre 130,000 


Germany 

1900  Berlin     . 

1900  Hamburg 

1900  Munich   . 

1900  Leipzig    . 

1900  Breslau  . 

1900  Dresden  . 

1900  Cologne  . 


Ireland 

1901  Belfast    .    . 

1901  Dublin    .    . 

1901  Cork    .    .    . 

1901  Londonderry 


.1,889,000 

.  706,000 

.  500,000 

.  466,000 

.  423,000 

.  396,000 

.  373,000 


.■549,000 

291,000 

76,000 

40,000 


Italy 

Year 

1901 
1901 
1901 
1901 
1901 
1901 
1901 
1901 


Naples 
Milan  . 
Eome  . 
Turin  . 
Palermo 
Genoa 
Florence 
Venice 


276  000        Netherlands 


China 

Population 

Year 

5<H,000 

1903    Peking    .    .    . 

491,000 

1903    Canton     .    .     . 

463,000 

1903    Tientsin  .     .     . 

336,000 

1903    Hankau  .    .    . 

310,000 

1903    Fuchau    .    .    . 

236,000 

1903    Shanghai     .    . 

205,000 

152,000 

East  India  Islands 

1903    Manila    .    .    . 

1900    Soerabaya    .    . 

1903  Amsterdam 
1903  Rotterdam  . 
1903    The  Hague  . 


.  647,000 
.  357,000 
.     230,000 


Jforway  and  Sweden 

1803    Stockholm  .    .    .  311,000 

1900    Christiania .     .     .  228,000 

1903    Gottenborg      .    .  136,000 

1900    Bergen    ....  72,000 


Portugal 

1900    Lisbon     ....    367,000 
1900    Oporto     ....    168,000 


Russia 

1897  St.  Petersburg 

1897  Moscow  .    .    . 

1897  Warsaw  .     .    . 

1897  Odessa      .     .    . 

1897  Riga    .... 


.1,313,000 
.  1,092,000 
.  766,000 
.  460,000 
.    256,000 


Scotland 

1904  Glasgow  . 
1904  Edinburgh 
1904    Dundee   . 


Spain 

1900  Madrid    . 

1900  Barcelona 

1900  Valencia . 

1900  Malaga    . 


Switzerland 

1904  Zurich 

1904  Basel  . 

1904  Geneva 

1904  Bern    . 


ASIA 

Asiatic  Russia 


1897  Tiflis    .    . 

1897  Baku  .    . 

1897  Tashkend 

1897  Irkutsk   . 


British  India 

1901  Calcutta 

1901  Bombay  . 

1901  Madras    . 

1901  Haidarabad 

1901  Lucknow 

1901  Rangoon 

1901  Delhi  .    . 

1901  Benares  . 

1901  Mandalay 

1901  Singapore 


798,000 
332,000 
164,000 


540,000 
533,000 
213,000 
130,000 


169,000 
121,000 
111,000 
69,000 


160,000 
179,000 
166,000 
49,000 


.  1,027,000 

.  776,000 

.  509,000 

.  448,000 

.  264,000 

.  236,000 

.  209,000 

.  209,000 

.  184,000 

.  163,000 


1900    Batavia 


French  Indo- China 


PopulatioB 

.1,000,000 
.  880,000 
.  750,000 
.  700,000 
.  624,000 
.    620,000 


220,000 
147,000 
116,000 


1900  Hanoi .  .  . 

1300  Hue     .  .  . 

1900  Saigon  .  . 

Japan 

1902  Tokyo  .  . 

1902  Osaka .  .  . 

1902  Kyoto  .  . 

1902  Yokohama  . 


Korea 
1901    Seoul 


150,000 
60,000 
37,000 


.  1,819,000 
.  996,000 
.  381,000 
.    326,000 


Siam 

1900  Beingkok 

Southwest  Asia 

1904  Teheran  . 

1904  Damascus 

1904  Smyrna 

1904  Tabriz 

1904  Bagdad 

1904  Aleppo 

1904  Ispahan 

1904  Mekka 

1904  Kabul 

1904  Kandahar 

1904  Jerusalem 

1904  Herat .    . 


AFRICA 


1904  Cairo  .    . 

1904  Alexandria 

1901  Tunis  .    . 

1904  Johannesburg 

1900  Fez      ... 

1901  Algiers  .  . 
1904  Oran  .  .  . 
1904  Cape  Town  . 
1904  Kuka  .  .  . 
1904  Tananarivo 
1904  Morocco  .  . 
1904  Port  Said  . 
1904  Zanzibar 
1904  Kimberley  . 
1904  Freetown  . 
1904  Tangier  .  . 
1904  Tripoli  .  . 
1904  Monrovia    . 


OCEANIA 


1903  Melbourne 

1901  Sydney  . 

1901  Adelaide 

1903  Brisbane 

1901  Wellington 

1901  Auckland 

1900  Honolulu 

1901  Dunedin  . 
1901  Hobart    . 


197,000 


360,000 


280,000 

226,000 

201,000 

200,000 

145,000 

127,000 

70,000 

60,000 

60,000 

60,000 

42,000 

30,000 


575,000 

330,000 

170,000 

159,000 

140,000 

97,000 

88,000 

77,000 

60,000 

55,000 

50,000 

60,000 

50,000 

34,000 

»4,000 

30,000 

30,000 

6,000 


601,000 

488,000 

162,000 

125,000 

40,000 

39,000 

39,000 

38,000 

26,000 


u 


SUPPLEMENT 


COUNTRIES  AND  COLONIES 


NORTH  AMERICA 

Year 

1901 

1903 

1901 

1903 

1901 

1901 

1900 

1903 

1900 

1901 

1900 

1901 


Canada  ,  .  . 
Costa  Kica  .  . 
Cuba  .  .  .  . 
Guatemala  .  . 
Haiti  (island)  . 
Honduras  .  . 
Mexico  .  .  . 
Newfoundland 
Nicaragua  .  . 
Salvador  .  .  . 
United  States  . 
Panama    .    .    . 


SOUTH  AMERICA  7,000,000 

1901     Argentina 1,1*5,000 

1901     Bolivia 703,000 

1  1901    Brazil 3,218,000 

1901  British  Guiana      .     .    .  91,000 

1901    Chile 308,000 

1901    Colombia 473,(X)0 

1903  Dutch  Guiana  ....  46,00D 

1901    Ecuador 116,0J0 

1901  French  Guiana     .     .    .  31,000 

1900  Paraguay 157,000 

1901  Peru 696,000 

1902  Uruguay 72,000 

1901    Venezuela 591,000 

EUROPE  3,800,000 

1900  Austria-Hungary      .     .  265,000 

1900    Belgium 11,400 

1900  Bulgaria 38,000 

1901  Denmark 15,300 

1901     England 50,800 

1901     France 207,000 

1900  Germany 200,000 

1901  Greece 28,000 

1901    Ireland 32,600 

1901  Italy 110,600 

1902  Netherlands      ....  12,600 

1900    Norway 125,000 

1900    Portugal 35,500 

1900  Eoumania 50,700 

1904  Russia 2,100,000 

1901  Scotland 29,700 

1900    Servia 19,000 

1900     Sp.^in 195,000 

1903  Sweden 173,000 

1900  Switzerland       ....  16,000 

1905  European  Tiirivcy      .     .  66,000 

1901  Wales 7,400 

ASIA  17 

1904 
1904 
1900 
19(H 
1901 
1900 
1903 
1900 
1904 
1900 
1900 
1904 
1900 
1904 


8,000,000     100,000,000 

Area  Population 

.  3,446,000  5,370,000 

18,000  333,000 

44,000  1,730,000 

48,000  1,812,000 

28,000  1,600,000 

.   46,000  587,000 

.   767,000  13,600,000 

40,000  220,000 

49,200  500,000 

7,200  1,007,000 

.  3,622,930  76,303,387' 

31,570  350,000 

30,500,000 

6,161,000 

2,181,000 

16,000,000 

295,000 

3,147,000 

3,917,000 

72,000 

1,206,000 

33,000 

636.000 

4,600,000 

978,000 

2,500,000 


Afghanistan      .     .    . 

Arabia 

Baluchistan  .  .  . 
Chinese  Empire  .  . 
Iiulia  (British)  .  .  . 
Indo-China  (French) 

Japan  

Java 

Korea 

Persia 

Philippines  .  .  . 
Russia  in  Asia  .     .     . 

Siam 

Asiatic  Turkey     .     . 


11 


AFRICA 

1904  Abyssinia 

1904  Algeria 

1901  Cape  of  Good  Hope  .    . 

1897  Egypt 

1904  Kongo  State     .    .     .    . 

1904  Liberia 

1901  Madagascar 

1901  Morocco 

1901  Orange  River  Colony     . 

1904  Sahara 

1895  Sudan 

1901  Transvaal 

1904  Tripoli 

19(H  Tunis 


,000,000 

250,000 

170,000 

130,000 

4,376,000 

1,560,000 

263,000 

148,000 

51,000 

82,000 

628,000 

128,000 

6,.560,000 

220,000 

523,000 

,500,000 

1.50,000 

185,000 

277,000 

400,000 

900,000 

45,000 

221,500 

220,000 

50,000 

2.(K»,000 

2,000,000 

111,000 

399,000 

51,000 


OCEANU 

1901  Hawaii      .         .    . 

1901  New  South  WAles 

1901  New  Zealand    . 

1901  Queensland  .    . 

1901  South  Australia 

1901  Victoria    .     .     . 

1901  West  Australia 


3,500,000 

6,4,50 
310,700 
101,500 
668,500 
901,000 
88,000 
976,000 


860,000,000 

5,000,000 

1,060,000 

600,000 

426,337,000 

294,267,000 

15,600,000 

46,733,000 

26,125,000 

10,000,000 

7,053,000 

7,636,000 

28,000,(H)0 

9,000,000 

15,849,000 

130,000,000 

3,500.000 
6,:i04,000 
2,405,000 
9,734,000 

30,000,000 
2,000,000 
3,000,000 
8,000,000 
.•)85,000 
2,.5.')0,000 

60,000,000 
l,'it5,000 
1,000,000 
1,900,000 

6,000,000 

1.54,000 
800,000 
768,000 
5ai,000 
302,000 
1,200,000 
182,000 


Note.  The  maps  of  this  series,  pages  ii  to  v,  are  inserted  as  a  guide  for 
teachers  in  drawing  and  modeling.  The  outlines  are  so  simple  that  no  con- 
struction lines  are  needed.  Pupils  can  ea.sily  learn  to  sketch  these  maps.  They 
are  all  made  oc  the  same  area  scale  and  show  the  relative  sizes  of  the  continents. 

Rivers  and  River  Basins 

Area  of  Basin  Length 

River  in  Square  Miles         in  Miles 

Amazon 2,500,000  3,300 

Nile 1,600,000  3,700 

Kongo 1,500,000  2,900 

PlaU 1,250,000  2,950 

Missouri-Mississippi         .        .        .  1,250,000  4,200 

Yangtze 700,000  3,000 

Volga 550,000  2,300 

Yukon 440,000  2,050 

Ganges 400,000  1,500 

Orinoco 350,000  1,500 

St.  Lawrence 300,000  2,000 

Danube 300,000  1,800 

Colorado 230,000  2,000 

Columbia 220,000  1,400 


>  Exclusive  of  the  island  possessions  (except  Hawaii)  and  inclusive  of  a  population  of  91,219  persons  in  the  service  of  the  United  States 
stationed  abroad. 


SUPPLEMENT 


111 


II 


Zones  and  Circles 

The  line  round  the  earth,  upon  which  the  vertical 
rays  fall  during  the  first  day  of  our  summer,  is  called 
the  tropic  of  Cancer.  During  the  first  day  of  our 
winter  the  sun  shines  straight  down  on  the  tropic  of 
Capricorn.  The  belt  of  land  and  water  lying  between 
or  within  the  tropics  is  called  the  torrid  zone.  The 
tropics  are  at  about  one  fourth  the  distance  from  the 
equator  to  the  poles. 

Find  the  arctic  circle  on  the  map.  Find  the  ant- 
arctic circle.  These  circles  are  at  about  one  fourth 
the  distance  from  the  poles  to  the  equator. 

Bound  the  north  frigid  zone.  The  south  frigid  zone. 
The  north  temperate.     The  south  temperate. 

The  number  of  degrees  at  which  any  place  lies 
north  or  south  of  the  equator  is  called  the  latitude  of 
that  place.  The  number  of  degrees  at  which  any 
place  lies  east  or  west  of  a  given  prime  meridian  is 
called  the  longitude  of  the  place. 


\  S.    TCMPERATE 


^ji.  FRIGja-'- 


The  United  States 

8TAT,8  AND  TeKH.TOE.KS                                   SquIe^mTl..  ^T^Y'"" 

Alabama 52,250  1,828,697 

Alaska 590,8»t  63,592 

Arizona 113,020  122,931 

Arkansas 53,850  1,311,564 

California 158,360  1,485,063 

Colorado 103,925  539,700 

Connecticut 4,990  808,420 

Delaware 2,050  184,736 

District  of  Columbia       ...                    70  278,718 

Florida 68,680  628,542 

Georgia 69,476  2,216,331 

Guami 175 »  9,000' 

Hawaii 6,  44B  154,001 

Idaho 84,800  161,772 

Illinois 56,650  4,821,550 

Indiana 36,350  2,516,462 

Indian  Territory  (see  Oklahoma) 

Iowa 66,025  2,231,853 

Kansas 82,080  1.470,495 

Kentucky 40,400  2,147,174 

Louisiana 48,720  1,381,625 

Maine 33,OW  694,466 

Maryland 12,210  1,188,014 

Massachusetts 8,315  2,805,346 

Michigan 58,915  2,420,982 

Minnesota 83,365  1,751,394 

Mississippi 46,810  1,551,270 

Missouri 09,415  3,106,665 

Montana 140,080  243,329 

Nebraska 77,510  1,066,300 

Nevada 110,700  42,335 

New  Hampshire        ....               9,305  411.588 

New  Jersey 7,815  1,883,669 

New  Mexico 122,580  195,310 

New  York 49,170  7,208,894 

North  Carolina         ....             52,250  1,893,810 

North  Dakota 70,795  319,146 

Ohio                               .                  .        .              41,060  4,157,545 

Oklahoma 70,430  790,391 

Oregon 96,030  413,536 

Pennsylvania 45,215  6,302,115 

Philippine  Islands  1          .        .         .  127,863'  7,635,4261 

Porto  Rico  > 3,600 »  953,M3» 

Rhode  Island 1,250  428,556 

South  Carolina         ....            30,570  1,340,316 

South  Dakota 77,650  401,570 

Tennessee 42,050  2,020,616 

Texas 265,780  3,048,710 

Tutuila  Islands  ■      .       .       .       .                   73 '  6,000 

Utah 84,970  276,749 

Vermont 9,565  343,641 

Virginia 43,450  1,864,184 

Washington 69,180  518,103 

West  Virginia 24,780  958,800 

Wisconsin 56,040  2,069,042 

Wyoming 97,890  92,531 

I  Not  included  in  National  Census  of  1300. 

'  Estimated. 

*  War  Department  Census,  1899. 


IV 


SUPPLEMENT 


Area  of  Oceans 


SquABE  Miles 

Pacific 

....     68,000,000 

Atlantic 

....     35,000,000 

Indian 

....     28,000,000 

Antarctic 

....       5,700,000 

Arctic 

....       5,300,000 

Average  Heights  of  Plateaus 

Fkbt 

Tibet . 14,000 

Bolivia 12,000 

Mexico 8,000 

Abyssinia 7,000 

Great  Basin 4,000 

Gobi 4,000 

Brazil 2,000 

Switzerland 2,000 


Leading  Cities  of  the 
United  States 


Population,  1900  (over  100,000) 


New  York,  N.  Y. 
Chicago,  III.  .     . 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
St.  Louis,  Mo.    . 
Boston,  Mass.     . 
Baltimore,  Md.  . 
Cleveland,  Ohio 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.    . 
San  Francisco,  Cal 
Cincinnati,  Ohio 
Pittsburg,  Pa.     . 
New  Orleans,  La. 
Detroit,  Mich.    . 
Milwaukee,  Wis- 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Newark,  N.  J.     . 
Jersey  City,  N.  J. 
Louisville,  Ky.  . 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Providence,  R.  I. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Kansas  City,  Mo. 
St.  Paul,  Minn.  . 
Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Denver,  Colo.     . 
Toledo,  Ohio      . 
Allegheny,  Pa.  . 
Columbus,  Ohio 
Worcester,  Mass. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
New  Haven,  Conn. 
Paterson,  N.  J.  . 
Fall  River,  Mass. 
St.  Joseph,  Mo. . 
Omaha,  Neb.    ,  . 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Memphis,  Tenn. 
Scranton,  Pa.     . 


3,437,202 
1,698,575 
1,293,697 
575,238 
560,892 
508,957 
381,768 
352,387 
342,782 
326,902 
821,616 
287,104 
285,704 
285,315 
278,718 
246,070 
206,433 
204,731 
202,718 
175,597 
169,164 
163,752 
163,065 
162,608 
133,859 
131,822 
129,896 
125,560 
118,421 
108,374 
108,027 
105,171 
104,863 
102,979 
102,555 
102,479 
102,320 
102,026 


SUPPLEMENT 


n 


Name 


Heights  of  Noted  Mountains 

Location 


Aconca^a Chile 

Ararat Turkey 

Chimborazo Ecuador 

Dapsang Tibet 


Dickerman 
Elburz      . 
Everest    . 
Kenia 
Kilimanjaro 
Logan 
Mauna  Loa 
McKinley 
Mercedario 
Mitchell  . 
Mt.  Blanc 
Pikes  peak 
•Popocatepetl 
St.  Elias  . 
Shasta 
Vesuvius  . 
Washington 


Whitney California 


Washington 
Russia 
India 

East  Africiv 
East  Africa 
Canada  . 

Hawaiian  Islands 
Alaska  . 
Mexico  . 

North  Carolina    . 
France  . 
Colorado 

Mexico 17,748 

Canada 18,024 

California 14,380 

Italy 4,260 

New  Hampshire  ....         6,279 


14,502 


PRONOUNCING  WORD    LIST 


Key  J  ale,  5t,  cSre,  arm,  final,  all  ;  eye,  Snd,  hSr,  recent ;  Ice,  ill,  admiral  ;  old,  for,  on,  anchgr ;  use,  tip,  fur,  awful  ;  food,  foot ;  ch  as 
in  chop  ;  ^  as  in  go  ;  ng  as  in  sing ;  b  as  in  ink  ;  th  as  in  thin ;  th  as  in  th«  ;  iS  as  in  banyan  ;  oi  as  in  oil ;  ovf  as  in  cow  ;  N  nearly  like  ng  in 
sing  (French  nasm). 


Aberdeen,  ab-ei^den'. 
Abyssinia,  ab-is-smi-y. 
Acapulco,  a-ka-pool'l-.o. 
Aconcagua,  a-kon-ka  gwa. 
Adelaide,  Sd'e-liid. 
Aden,  a  dgn. 

Adirondack,  Hd-i-rSn'dak. 
Adrian,  a'dri-yn. 
Adrianople,  3.d-ri-an-o'pl. 
Adriatic,  ad-re-at  ik. 
^gean,  e-je'an. 
Afghanistan,  af-gSn-is-tan', 
Africa,  af'ri-ka. 
Akron,  ak'rgn. 
Alabama,  ^l-a-ba'm^. 
Alamo,  a'la-mo. 
Alaska,  a-lSska. 
Albany,  alba-m, 
Albemarle,  jil'be-marl. 
Alberta,  al-bSrt'a. 
Albuquerque,  al-biM>-kar'ka. 
Alderney,  al'dtjr-ni. 
Aleutian,  a-lu'slu-an. 
Alexandria,  al-egs-&n'dri-a. 
Algeria,  Sl-je  ri-a. 
Algiers,  Sl-jerz'. 
Allegheny,  al'g-ga-nl. 
Altai,  al-ti . 
Altoona,  al-too'na. 
Amazon,  am'a-zon. 
Amiens,  a-ml-iN . 
Amsterdam^  {im'stgr-dSm. 
Amur,  a-moor'. 
Anam,  a-nSm'. 
Andes.  S.n  dez. 
Andorra,  an-dijr'ra 
Androscoggin,  Sn-drgs-cSg  in. 
Anglesey,  Su  gl-se. 
Annapolis,  an-n&p'o-lis. 
Antarctic,  3,n-tark'tik. 
Anticosti,  an-ti-kos  ti. 
Antilles,  an-tillez,  or  oNtel'. 
Antwerp,  Antwerp. 
Apalachicola,  a-pa-lSch-i-ko  la. 
Apennines,  Upgu-nluz. 
Apia,  ii'pe-a. 

Appalachian,  Jip-pa-la'chi-an. 
Appomattox,  5.p-po-in3.t'tyks. 
Apteryx,  a.p  te-rix. 
Arabian^  S-rabi-un. 
Aral,  Sr  3I. 
Ararat,  Sr'a-rSt. 
Archangel.  ark-j*n'j5l. 
Archipelago,  ar-ki-pSlfi-go. 
Arctic,  ark  tik. 
Ardennes,  ar-dSn'. 
Arequipa,  a-ra-ke'pa. 
Argentina,  ar-jgn-te'na. 
Arizona.  Sr-i-zo  n;j. 
Arkansas,  ar'kan-sa'. 
Armadillo,  ar^ma-dil'lo. 
Arthabaska,  ar-tha-b^'k^. 
Asheville,  SshvU. 
Asia,  a'shi-a. 
Astoria,  Jis-to'ri-a. 
Astrakhan,  as-tra-kan'. 
Atacama,  a-ta-kii'ma. 
Atbara,  at-bii  ra. 
Atchison,  3.ch'i-syn. 
Athabasca,  ^th-a-bfis'ka. 
Athens,  fitn'Snz. 
Atlanta,  at-lSn'ta. 


Atlantic,  at-lan'tik. 
Atoll,  a-tol'. 
Auburn,  a'burn. 
Auckland,  ak'land. 
Augusta,  a^us'ta. 
All  Sable,  a  sa'bl. 
Austin,  as'tin. 
Australia,  as-traU-ft, 
Austria,  as'tri-a* 
Avon,  a' von. 
Azof,  a-z6f'. 
Azores,  ^-^on' . 

Bahama,  bj-ha'ma, 

Hahia,  ba-e'a. 

Baikal,  bi'kal. 

Baku,  ba-koo'. 

Balearic,  bSl-e-Sr'ik. 

Balkan,  bal-kan'. 

Balkash,  bal-kash'. 

Baltic,  baltik. 

Baltimore,  bal'tT-mQr  or  -mor. 

Balueliistan,  ba-li')(>-chis-tan'. 

Bangkok,  baij'kok'. 

Bangor,  b3,n'g6r. 

Barcelona,  bar-sg-lo'na. 

Basel,  ba'zgl. 

Batavia,  ba-ta'vi-a.        _ 

Baton  Kouge,  bat-iin  roozh'. 

Bayonne,  ba-yon'. 

Beatrice,  be'a-tres. 

Beaufort,  bo'fort  (N.  C.)  or  bu- 

f!irt(S.  C). 
Bechuanaland,  bek-u-an'a-l3.nd. 
Bedouin,  bed'uo-en. 
Belfast,  bglfSst  (Me.)  or  b6l-fast' 

(Ireland). 
Belgium,  belji-um. 
Belgrade,  bel-griid'. 
Belize,  ba-lez'. 
Bellaire,  bgl-ar'. 
Belle  Isle,  bel-ll'. 
Benares,  b5n-a'rftz. 
liengal,  bgn-gal'. 
Ben-Nevis,  bfin-nSv'fe, 
Bering,  be'ring. 
Berlin,  ber'lin  or  Ger.  bSr-len'. 
Bermuda,  bei*-mu'da. 
Bern,  b^rn. 

Bethlehem,  beth'le-hSm. 
Biddeford,  bid'e-fgrd. 
Binghamton,  bing'am-tyn. 
Binue,  b5n-oo-e'. 
Birmingham,  bSr'ming-um. 
Biscay,  bis'ka. 
Bismarck,  bis'niark. 
Bogota,  bo-go-ta'. 
Boise,  boi-za'. 
Bokhara,  bok-a'ra. 
Bolan,  bo'lan. 
Bolivia,  bo-lTv'i-a. 
Bologna,  bo-lon'ya. 
Bombay,  b5m-ba'. 
Boothia,  bo(»'thi-3. 
Bordeaux,  bor-do'. 
Borneo,  bor'ne-o. 
Bosnia.  b6z'ni-a, 
Bosphorus,  bos  fn-rfis. 
Bothnia,  both'ni-  . 
Brahmaputra,  bra-ma-poo'tra* 
Brazil,  bra-zTl'. 
Brazos,  bra'zys. 


Bremen,  bra'mSn. 

Breslau,  brgs'low. 

Brest,  brest. 

Brindisi,  bren'de-se. 

Brisbane,  brisban. 

Brooklyn,  brook'lin. 

Brunswick,  brunz'wik. 

Brussels,  brus  s^jlz. 

Budapest,  bob'da-pfist. 

Buenos  Aires,  bonus  a'riz  or  Sp. 

bwa'iios  I'rgs. 
Bukharest,  bu-ka-r6st'. 
Bulgaria,  bool-ga'ri-a. 
liurlington,  bfir'ling-ton. 
Burma,  bur'nia. 
Butte,  but. 

Cairo,     kar  o     (U.     S.) ;     kl'ro 

(Egypt). 
Calais,    k^Iis    {U.     S.)  ;     ka-la' 

(France). 
Calcutta,  kS-l-kut'tg. 
Caledonia,  kal-g-dS' 111-3. 
California,  kal-i-for'ni-a. 
Callao,  kal-lii'o. 
Cambodia,  kam-bo'de-g. 
Cambridge,  kiim'brij. 
Campeche,  kiim-pa  cha. 
Canada,  kan'a-da- 
('andia,  kSn'de-a. 
Canton,  kS,n  tgn  (U.  8.)  ;  kS.n-t5n' 

(China). 
Cape  Breton,  brSt'gn. 
Caracas,  ka-ra'kas. 
Cardiff,  kar  dif . 
Cardigan,  kiir  dS-gan. 
Caribbean,  k3,r-Tb-be'an. 
Carolina,  kar-o-ll  ny. 
Caroline,  k3,r'o-lln. 
Carpentaria,  kiii-pSn-ta'rfi-a. 
Cart.agena,  kar-ta-je  113. 
Caspian,  kSspi-gn, 
Cassiquiari,  ka-se-ke-a're. 
Caucasian,  ka-ka'shan. 
Caucasrs.  ka'ka-s&s. 
Cayenne,  ka-y6n', 
Celebes,  sSle-bfiz. 
Cenis,  se-ne'. 
Cetinje,  cha-tenyii. 
Cevennes,  se-venn'.   • 
Ceylon,  se-Ion'. 
Chad.    See  Tchad. 
Champlain.  shSm-plan'. 
Charlotte,  shiirlyt. 
Chatham,  chat'^m. 
Chattahoochee,  chat-t3-hoo'che. 
Chattanooga,  chftt-tJl-iioo'ga. 
Chantauqna,  cha-t^^kwa. 
Chelsea,  chel'se. 
Cherbourg,  shSr'bflrpr. 
Cherokee,  cher-o-ke  . 
Chesapeake,  chSs'a-pek. 
Cheviot,  chiv '^j-iit. 
Cheyenne,  shl-fin'. 
Chicago,  shg-kjigo. 
Chile,  che'lii. 

Chimborazo.  chim-bo-ra'zo. 
Christiania.  knfs-te-ii'ne-a. 
Chugln,  chfig'loo. 
Cincinnati,  sTn-sTii-na'tl. 
Clyde,  klid. 
Cochin  ('hina,  ko'chin  chi'na. 


Cohoes,  ko-hoz'. 

Colima,  ko-le  nia. 

Cologne,  ko-lon'. 

Cohmibia,  ko-l6m'be4i. 

Colon,  ko-lon'. 

Colorado,  kol-y-rji'do. 

Conception,  k^n-sep  shun. 

Concord,  konk'urd. 

Connecticut,  kon-n6t  i-kut. 

Constance,  kon'stans. 

Constantinople,  kon-stan'ti-no'pl. 

Coosa,  koo'sa. 

Copenhagen,  ko'pgn-ha'ggn. 

Cordoba,  kor'do-bJi. 

Corfu,  kor-f<K>'. 

Corinth,  kor  intli. 

Corpus  Christi,  kor'pus  kris'te. 

Corrientes,  k6r-ie-6n  tgs. 

Corsica,  kor'si-ka. 

Costa  Kica,  kos'tii  re'ka. 

Cotopaxi,  ko-to-pfik'se. 

Covington,  kuv  ing-tQn. 

Cuba,  ku'bu. 

Curasao,  ku-ra-so'. 

Cuzco,  kot,s'ko. 

Cyprus,  si'prus, 

Dahomey,  dii-ho'ma. 
Dakota,  da-ko'ta. 
Dallas,  dal'as, 
Damjiscus,  da-niUs  kHs. 
Danzig,  dant'zik. 
Danube,  d^n  ub. 
Dardanelles.  dai'-da-n6lz', 
Darfur,  dar  i(ii)v. 
Darien,  dare-en. 
Davenport,  dav'tn-port. 
Decatur,  de-ka'tyr. 
Dekkan,  dek'kan. 
Delaware,  dfil'y-war. 
Delhi,  India,  dgl'le. 
Des  Moines,  de-moin'. 
Des  Plaines,  da-|)lan'. 
Detroit,  de-troit  . 
Dnieper,  neper. 
Dniester,  nes't^jr. 
Dovrefield,  do-vre-fySld', 
Drave,  drav. 
Dresden,  drgz'den. 
Dubuque,  doo-biik'. 
Duluth,  du-Iouth'. 
Dundalk,  diin-<Iak'. 
Dundee,  dun-de  . 
Dunedin,  d&u-6d'in. 
Dungt^ness,  dun-jg-uSs' 
Dwina,  dwe'iift. 

Sau  Claire,  o-kl^'. 

Kbro.  e'bro. 

Echidna,  e-kid'ng. 

Ecuador,  ek-wa-dor'. 

Edinburgh,  Sd'in-bQro. 

Eg>'pt.  e'jipt. 

Elba,  8l'ba. 

Elbe,  6l'be.  _ 

Elbui-z,  gl-boorz'. 

Elgin,  SrjTn.  • 

Elmira,  6l-ml'ra. 

El  Paso,  6l  pii'so. 

Escanaba,  Ssk-ii-nfiba- 

Etna,  St'na. 

Eubiea,  ii-beg. 


PRONOUNCING  WORD  LIST 


Euphratea,  u-fra'tez, 
Eurasia,  u-ra'slu-a. 
European,  u-ro-pe'sn. 
Evansville,  ev'anz-vU. 
Everest,  §v'gr-est. 
Eyre,  ar. 

Falkland,  fak'lund. 
Fezzan,  fgz-ziin'. 
Fiji,  fe'je. 
Findlay,  find'la. 
Finland,  fln'lijnd. 
Fiiird,  fyord. 
Firth,  ferth. 
Florida,  flor  i-d-i. 
Fond  du  Lac,  fon-du-lSik'. 
Formosa,  for-nio'sa. 
Fort  Wayne;  wan. 
Frankfurt,  frauk'fSort. 
Eraser,  fra'zgr. 
Fremont,  fre-niont'. 
Fresno,  fres'no. 
Fujiyama,  fjo-ji-a'ma. 

Galapagos,  g:3,-lap'a-go8. 

Galatz,  ga'lats. 

Galveston,  gSl'ves-ton. 

Galway,  g-al'wa. 

Ganges,  gSn'jei. 

Garonne,  ga-rOnn'. 

Genesee,  jSn-e-se'. 

Geneva,  jg-ne'va. 

Genoa,  jen'o-a. 

Georgia,J6r'ji-3. 

Geral,  ha-ral'. 

Gettysbui-g,  get'iz-bfli^. 

Ghats,  gats. 

Ghent,  ggnt. 

Gibraltar,  ji-bral'tar. 

Gila,  he  la. 

Giroude,  zlie-roNd'. 

Glasgow,  gla/go. 

Gloucester,  glos'ter. 

Gobi,  go'be. 

Grampian,    grSra'pi-sn* 

Granada,  gra-na'dii. 

Grand  Manan,  nign-Sn'. 

Gratz,  grgts. 

Greenwich,  grSn'ij. 

Guadalquivir,  gwa-dal-ke-ver', 

Guadalupe,_  ga'da-loop'    (U.   S.) ; 

gwa-da-loo  pa*(Spanish). 
Guatemala,  gwa-til-ma'la. 
Guayaquil,  gwl-a-kel'. 
Guernsey,  g^rn'zg. 
Guiana,  ge-a  na. 
Guinea,  gin'e. 
Guthrie,  guth'rg. 

Hasrorstown,  ha'ggrz-towu. 

Haiti,  ha'ti. 

Halifax,  hale-fSks. 

Hanoi,  ha-no'e. 

Hanover,  hSn'o-vgr. 

Hatteras,  hat'tgi-^as. 

Havana,  h^-van'^. 

Havre,  ha'vgr. 

Havre  de  Grace,  hav'gr  d^  gras. 

Hawaii,  ha-wl'e. 

Hebrides,  heb'ri-dez. 

Hekla,  h^k'h. 

Helena,  hSle-ni. 

Henlopen,  h6n-lo'pen. 

Herat,  hgr-at'. 

Himalaya,  him-a'H-yi. 

Hindu  Kush,  hindou-koosh. 

Hindustan,  hin-do-stiin'. 

Hoangho,  ho-ang-ho'. 

Hoboken,  ho'bo-kgn. 

Holyoke,  hol'yok. 

Hondo,  hon'do. 

Honduras,  hon-doo'r:s. 

Hongkong,  hong-kong'. 

Honolulu,  ho-no-loo'loo, 

Hoosac,  hoo'sgk. 

Housatonic,  hoo-s^-tSn'ic. 


Houston,  hus'tQD. 
Hue,  hou-a'. 
Humboldt,  liGrabolt, 
Hungary,  hun'ga-ri. 
Huron,  hu'ryn. 

Idaho,  I'da-ho. 

Illimani,  el-ye-ma'ne. 

llliuois,  il-li-noi'  or -noiz', 

India,  in'di-3. 

Indiana,  in-di-an'n. 

Indianapolis,  in-di-S.n-3.p'Q-lis, 

Indes,  iu'dez. 

Indus,  in'diis. 

Innsbruck,  ins'prook. 

Inverness,  in-vgr-ngss'. 

Ionian,  1-0'ni-ijn. 

Iowa,  l'o-w3. 

Iquique,  e-ke'ka. 

Iran,  e-ran'. 

Irkutsk,  ir-kootsk'. 

Isle  Royal,  el  rwa-yal'. 

Italian,  i-talyan. 

Itasca,  j-tas'ka. 

Ithaca,  Tth'a-kij, 

Jalapa,  ha-lJi'pa. 

Jamaica,  ja-mii  kg, 

Japan,  ja-pan'. 

Jassy,  ya'se, 

Java,  ja'vq. 

Jersey,  jgr'zT. 

Joliet,  jo'lg-et. 

Joplin,  jop'lin. 

Juan  de  Fuca,  hoo-an'  da  fob'ka. 

Juan  Fernandez,  f§r-nan'd6th. 

Juneau,  jii-no'. 

Jungfrau,  young'frow. 

Juniata.  ju-ni-Stfi. 

Jura,  ju'ra. 

Kabul,  ka-bobl', 
Kadiak,  kad-ySk'. 
Kaffir,  kaf  f Sr. 
Kalahari,  ka-la-ha'ri. 
Kamchatka,  kam-chat'kg. 
Kamerun,  ka-ma-robn'. 
Kanawha,  ka-na'w;i. 
Kankakee,  kS-Q-kg-ke'. 
Kansas,  kan's^s. 
Karakoram,  kk-ra-ko'rgm. 
Karpathian,  kar-pa'thi-gn. 
Kashmir,  kash-mer'. 
Kenia,  ka-ne'a. 
Kennebec,  ken-g-b6k', 
Kentucky,  k6n-tiik  1. 
Keokuk,  ke'o-kuk. 
Khaibar,  ka'e-bar. 
Khartum,  kar-toom'. 
Khelat,  kgl-at'. 
Khinghan,  kin-gan'. 
Khiva,  ke'va. 
Kilauea,  ke-low-a'a. 
Kilimanjaro,  kil'e-man-ja-ro'. 
Killarney,  kil-ar'm. 
Kiolen,  kyii'len. 
Kirghiz,  kir-gez'. 
Kittery,  kit'er-i. 
Klamath,  kla'msth. 
Klondike,  klon'dlk. 
Knoxville,  noks'vil. 
Kongo,  kon'go. 
Kordofan,  kor-do-fau', 
Korea,  ko-re'a. 
Krakow,  kra'ko. 
Kronstadt,  kron'stat. 
Kuenlun,  kwSn-lobn'. 
Kyoto,  ke-o'to. 

Labrador,  lab-ra-dor'. 
Lachine,  la-shen'. 
La  Crosse,  la-krSs'. 
Ladoga,  iSd.'o-ga. 
Ladrones,  Ig-dronz'. 
Lafayette,  la-fa-5t'. 
La  Guaira,  la-gwi'ra. 


Lancaster,  iS-Qk'as-tfir. 

Lansing,  lan'sing. 

La  Paz,  la-path'. 

Lapland,  iSplund. 

La  Plata,  la-pla  ta. 

Laporte,  Ig-port'. 

Laramie,  lS.r'a-me. 

Lasalle,  la-sal'. 

Lassa,  las'sa. 

Las  Vegas,  las-va'gas. 

Leadville,  Igd'vil. 

Leavenworth,  iSv'gn-wQrth. 

Lebanon,  Igb'a-ngn. 

Leicester,  iSs'tfir. 

Leipzig,  llp'zik. 

Lena,  le'ng. 

Leone,  le-o'ne. 

Lexington,  l5k'sing-tQn. 

Liberia,  lI-be'ri-3, 

Libyan,  lib'e-an. 

Liege,  le-azh'. 

Linia,U'mu  (U.  S.);  le'ma(Peru). 

Limerick,  lim'fir-ik. 

Lisbon,  li/Zbon. 

Lisbtirn,  lis  burn. 

Lisle,  lei. 

Liverpool,  liv'er-pobl. 

Loanda,  lo-an'da. 

Loch, lok. 

Lofoden,  lo-fS'dgn. 

Loire,  Iwar. 

Los  Ajigeles^los-an'eSl-Ss. 

Louisiana,  loo-e-ze-a  ng. 

Louisville,  lob'is-  or  lob'i-vil. 

Louren^o  Marquez,  lo-rin'so  mar- 

kes'.        _ 
Lucerne,  loo-s6m'. 
Luray,  lu-ra'. 
Luxemburg,  liiks'Sm-bfirg. 
Luzon,  lob-zon', 
Lyon,  le-oN'. 

Macao,  ma-kow'. 

Mackenzie,  mg-k6n'zi, 

Mackinac,  m3.k'i-na. 

Macon,  mii'kun. 

Madagascar,  niad-a-gfis'kgr. 

Madeira,  mg-de'r;). 

Madras,  ma-drSs'. 

Madrid.  mSdrid  (U.  S.)  ;  mg-diid' 

(Spain), 
Magdalena,  mag-da-la'na. 
Magellan,  mg-jelan. 
Maine,  man. 
Makassar,  mg-kas'sgr. 
Malakka,  ma-lak'g. 
Malay,  mg-lay'. 
Maiden,  mol'den. 
Manchester,  m3.n'ches-ter. 
Manchuria,  mjin-chob'rg-g, 
Mandalay,  nian'da-la. 
Manila,  mg-nil'g, 
Manitoba,  mSn-i-to'ba. 
Maracaibo,  ma-ra-kl'bo. 
Marafion,  mii-ran'yon. 
Marathon,  m5r'g,-thon. 
Marcy,  mar'si. 
Marmora,  mar'mo-rg. 
Marseille,  mar-sal'. 
Martinique,  mar-ti-nek'. 
Maskat,  mits-kSt'. 
Massachusetts,  mas-g-chii'sets. 
Matabeleland,  mat-g-bel'lSjid, 
Matagorda,  m3,t-g-g6r'dg. 
Matamoros,  mSt-g-mo'ros. 
Matapan,  ma-ta-pan'  (Gr.). 
Mauch  Chunk,  niak-chunk'. 
Mauna  Kea,  mow'na-ka'a. 
Manna  Loa,  lo'a. 
Mauritius,  ma-rish'i-us. 
Mediterranean. medi-tgr-ra'nfi-an. 
Mekong,  ma-kong'. 
Melanesia,  mSl-an-e'shi-g. 
Melbourne,  mSl'biim. 
Memphreraagog,  mSm-f rg-ma'g^. 
Memphis,  mSm'Hs. 


V13 

Mendocino,  mgn-do-se'no. 
Meriden,  m6r  i-den.     « 
Merriraac,  m6r'i-mgk. 
Mersey,  m6r'zi. 

Merthyr-Tydfil,  mgMhfir-tid'fil. 
Messiua,  m§s-se'ua. 
Metz,  mSts. 
Mexico,  mSksi-ko. 
Miami,  mi-am'i. 
Michigan,  mish'i-ggn. 
Micronesia,  ml-kro-ne'shi-g. 
Milan,  mil'gn  or  mi-ian'. 
Mille  Lacs^mel-lak'. 
Milo,  me'lo  (Greece). 
Milwaukee,  mil-wa'ke. 
Mindanao,  men-da-na'o. 
Minneapolis,  nnn-e-ap'y-Ua. 
Minnehaha,  min-g-ha'ha. 
Minnesota,  min-g-so'tg. 
Mississippi,  mis-is-ip'i. 
Missouri,  mis-ob'ri. 
Mobile,  mo-bei'. 
Mohave,  mo-ha'va. 
Mohawk,  mo'hak. 
Moluccas,  mo-luk'kgz. 
Mongolia,  mon-go'li-g. 
Monongahela,  mo-non-gg-he'lft. 
Monrovia,  mon-ro'vi-g. 
Montana,  mon-ta'ng. 
Montauk,  mon-tak'. 
Mont  Blanc,  moN  blou'  or  mont 

blank. 
Mont  Cenis,  raon'  sg-ne'  or  m5nt. 
Montenegro,  mon-ta-na'gro. 
Monterey,  mon-tg-ra'. 
Montevideo,  raon-te-vid'e-o. 
Montgomery,  mgnt-gumgr-i. 
Monticello,  mon-te-sgl'lo. 
Montpelier,  ra5nt-pe'Ii-fir, 
Montreal,  mont-rg-al'. 
Moravia,  mo-ra'vi-g. 
Morelia,  mo-ra'le-g. 
Morocco,  mo-rok'o. 
Moscow,  mos'ko. 
Mount  Lyell,  ll'el. 
Mount  St.  Elias,  e-l^'38. 
Mount  Tyndall,  tin'dgl. 
Mozambique,  mo-zgm-bek'. 
Munich,  mv'nik. 
Murray,  mur'ra. 
Muskatine,  mus-kg-ten'. 
Muskegon,  mus-ke'ggn. 

Nanling,  nan'ling. 
Nantes,  nSnts. 
Nantucket,  nSn-tuk'et. 
Naples,  na'plz. 
Narragansett,  n5r-rg-gan'agt. 
Nashua,  nSsh  u-g. 
Nassau,  nSs'a. 
Natchez,  n^'ch^z. 
Nebraska,  ng-bras'kg. 
Nepal,  na-pai'. 
Netherlands,  nSth'fir-lgndz. 
Neuse,  nus. 
Nevada,  ng-va'dg. 
Newark,  nii'grk. 
Newfoundland,  nu'fgnd-lgnd. 
New  Guinea,  -gIn'e. 
New  Hampshire,  nu-hilmp'shir. 
New  Orleans,  -or'lg-auz. 
New  Zealand,  nu-ze'lgnd. 
Niagara,  m-a,g'g~rg. 
Nicaragua,  ne-ka-ra'gwa. 
Nice,  nes. 
Niger,  nl'jer. 
Norfolk,  nor'fgk. 
Norwegian,  noi^we'ji-gn. 
Norwich,  nor'rij. 
Nottingham,  not'ing-gm. 
Nova  Scotia,  no'vg  sko'shi-g. 
Nova  Zembla,  no'vg  zSm'blft. 
Nubia,  nu'bi-g. 
Nyanza,  nl-an'zg, 

Oahu,  o-a'hob. 


vm 


PRONOUNCING  WOED  LIST 


Oakland,  ok'land. 

Oasis,  O'a-sls. 

Ob,  Ob. 

Oder,  o'dgr. 

Odessa,  o-dis'sg. 

Ogden,  Sg'dSn. 

Okechobee,  o-ke-cho'bS. 

Okhotsk,  o-kotsk'. 

Okloboma,  ok-la-ho'm». 

Olympia,  o-lim'pi-a. 

Olympus,  o-Um  pus. 

Omaha,  om^-hft. 

Oman,  o-raan'. 

Omsk,  Omsk. 

Onega,  o-ne'g9. 

Oneida,  o-nl'd^. 

Ontario,  6n-ta  ri-o. 

Oregon,  or'j-gon. 

Orinoco,  o-ri-no'ko. 

Orizaba,  o-re-tlia'  ba. 

Orkney,  ork'ne. 

Orleans,  oHa-oNs'  (Fr.), 

Ornithorynchus,  or-ni-tho-rin'kus. 

Oshkosb,  osh'k5sh. 

Oswego,  8s-we'go. 

Ottawa,  ot'ta-wg. 

Ozark,  5-zark'. 

Paolflo,  p3-sif  ik. 

Palermo,  p3-l6r'mo. 

Palestine,  pal'fis-tln. 

Pamir,  pa-mer'. 

Pamlico,  piro'li-ko. 

Pampas,  pampas. 

Panama,  p3.n-a-ma'. 

Papua,  pSp'00-3. 

Para,  pa-ra'. 

Paraguay,  pa-ra-gwl'. 

Paramaribo,  p3,r-'j-mSr'i-bo. 

Parana,  pa-ra-na'. 

Passaic,  pSis-sa  ik. 

Passamaquoddy,p33-9-ma-kw5dl. 

Patagonia,  pat-g-goni-a. 

Paterson,  pSt'gr-SQn. 

Patras,  pa-tras'. 

Pawtucket,  pa-tuk'gt. 

Pecos,  pa'kos. 

Pedee,  pe-de'. 

Peking,  pe-king'. 

Peling,  pa-ling'. 

Pennsylvania,  pSn-sil-va'nl-a. 

Penobscot,  pe-nob'scot. 

Pensacola,  p5n-sa-ko'la. 

Pentland,  pSnt'land. 

Peoria,  pe-o 'ri-a.  _ 

Pemarabuco,  pir-nam-bob'ko. 

Persia,  p8r'shi-a. 

Perth,  pgrth. 

Peru,  pQ-roo'. 

Ph<Bnix,fe'mks. 

Philadelphia,  fil-3-dSl'fl-8. 

Philippine,  fil  ip-in. 

Pierre,  per. 

Pindus,  pin'diis. 

Pittsburg,  pTts'bflrg. 

Plata,  pla'ta. 

Plymouth,  pllm'tith. 

Pnom  Penh,   pniim-p8n'. 

Pompeii,  p5m-p5'ye. 

Popocatepetl,  po-po'k5t-a-pa-tl. 

Port  au  Prince,  port-o-prins'. 

Porto  Rico,  por  to  re'kO. 

Port  Said,  -sii-ed'. 

Portsmouth,  ports'mfith. 

Portugal,  por  tu-gal. 

Portuguese,  por'tu-gez. 

Potomac,  po-to'mak. 

Potosi,  po-to'sl, 

Poughkeepsie,  pQ-klp'si. 

Prague,  prag. 

Pretoria,  pre-tor'e-a. 

Pribilof,  pre-be-lSf  . 

Providence,  prov'i-dfins. 

Prussia,  priish'ya. 

Puebla,  pwSb'm. 

Pneblo,  pwBb'lo. 


Puget,  pu'jet. 
Puno,  poo'no. 
Pyrenees,  pir's-nez, 

Quebec,  kwe-bSk'. 
Quincy,  kwinzi. 
Quito,  ke'to. 

Racine,  ra-sen'. 
Rainier,  ra'ner. 
Raleigh,  ra'la. 
Rangoon,  ran-goon'. 
Rappahannock,  rSp-a-hSu'gk. 
Kavenua,  ra-v6n'a. 
Reading,  red'ing. 
Rhine,  rin. 
Rhone,  ron. 

Riga,  rl'ga  (U.S.) ;  re'ga  (Rus.). 
Rio  Grande,  re'o  gran  aa, 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  dg  ja-na'rO. 
Rio  Negro,  -na'gr5. 
Roanoke,  ro-a-nok'. 
Rochester,  rSch'gs-tgr. 
Rotterdam,  rot'gr-dam. 
Rouen,  roo  on'. 
Roumelia,  roo-me'le^a. 
Roumania,  roo-ma'ni-a. 
Russia,  riish'a. 

Saco,  s^'ko. 

Sacramento,  sSk-rg-mSn'to. 

Saginaw,  sSg  i-na. 

Sahara,  sa-ha'ra. 

Saigon,  sa'e-gon. 

Saint  A  Ibans,  sant  ^I'banz. 

Saint  Augustine,  -a  gfis-ten. 

Saint  Croix,  -kroi'. 

Saint  Gotthard,  -go-tard'. 

Saint  Helena,  s§nt  hg-le'na. 

Saint  Lawrence,  sant  la'rgns. 

Saint  Louis,  -lob'is  or  -lob'i. 

Saint  Petersburg,  -pe'tgrz-bfirg. 

Saint  Roque,  -rok. 

Sakhalin,  sa-kha-len'. 

Salisbury,  salz'bgr-i. 

Saloniki,  sa-lo-ne'ke. 

Salvador,  siil-va-<lor'. 

Salzburg,  salts'bobrg. 

Samarkand,  sara-ar-kand'. 

Samoa,  sa-mo'a. 

San  Antonio,  sSn  an-to'm-o. 

San  Bernardino,  -bSr-nar-de'no. 

San  Oristob,al,  -kres-to'bal. 

Sandhurst,  sSnd'hurst. 

San  Diego,  s&n  de-a'go. 

Sandusky,  sSn-diis'ki. 

San  Francisco,  -fr&n-sis'ko. 

San  Joaquin,  san  ho-a-ken'. 

San  Jose,  -ho-sa'. 

San  Juan,  -hob-an'. 

San  Lucas,  -loo'kas. 

San  Luis,  -loo-es'. 

San  Marino,  -ma-re'no. 

Santa  Barbara,  s&n'ta-bar'ba-ra. 

Santa  Fe,  -fa. 

Santee,  sS.n'te'. 

Santiago,  san-te-si'go. 

Santo  Domingo,  san' to  do-men'go. 

Saone,  son. 

Saratoga,  s5r-a-to'ga. 

Sardinia,  sar-din'i-a. 

Saskatchewan,  sSs-kSch'e-wan. 

Sault  Sainte  Marie,  soosSnt  ma'ri. 

Savannah,  sa-vSn'a. 

Scandin,avia,  skXn-di-na'vi-a. 

Schenectady,  skg-nSk'ta-dB. 

Scilly,  sil'i. 

Scotland,  sk5t'land. 

Scranton,  skr&n'tgn, 

Seattle,  se-&t'l. 

Sedalia,  senla'li-a. 

Seine,  san. 

Seneca,  sSn'e-ka. 

Senegal,  sSn-g-gal'. 

Senegambia,  sSn-g-g&m'bl-ft. 

Seoul,  sa-obr. 


Servia,  sBr'vi-a. 
Severn,  sSv'gm. 
Shanghai,  sh^ng-ha'i. 
Shannon,  sh&n'un. 
Shasta,  shSs'ta. 
Sheffield,  shgffeld. 
Shenandoah,  shgn-^n-do'a 
Shetland,  shSt'land. 
Shoshone,  sho-sho'ne. 
Shreveport,  shrev'port. 
Siam,  sl-Sm'. 
Siberia,  si-be'ri-3. 
Sicily,  sis'i-li. 

Sierra  Madre,  se-Sr'a-ma'dra. 
Singapore,  sin-g3-por'. 
Sioux,  soo. 
Sitka,  sit'ka. 
Smyrna,  sraSr'na. 
Snowdon,  sno'dgu. 
Sotia,  so-ie'a. 
Sokoto,  so-ko-to'. 
Solway,  sSl'wa. 
Somali,  so-male. 
Somerville,  siim'er-v!l. 
Spokane,  spo-kSn'. 
Staffa,  staf'a. 
Stanovoi,  stii-no-voi  . 
Steubenville,  stii'ben-vll. 
Stirling,  sterling. 
Stockholm,  stok'holm. 
Strassburg,  strSz'biirg. 
Stuttgart,  stoot'gart. 
Suakin,  swa'kTu. 
Sucre,  soo'krg. 
Sudan,  soo-dan'. 
Suez,  soo-Sz'. 
Suisun,  soo-e-soon'. 
Suliman,    so6-le-man'. 
Sumatra,  sofj-mii'trii. 
Sunda,  siin'da. 
Sunderland,  siin'dgr-land. 
Susquehanna,  sus-kwg-hiln'a. 
Suwannee,  su-wa'ne. 
Swansea,  sw5n'se. 
Sweden,  Sweden. 
Switzerland,  swit'zfir-land. 
Sydney,  sid'ni. 
Syracuse,  sir'a-kus. 
Syria,  sir  i-a. 

Tabriz,  ta-brez' . 

Tacoma,  ta-ko'mfi. 

Tagus,  ta'gns. 

Tahoe,  ta-ho'. 

Tahlequah,  ta'le-kwa. 

Tallahassee,  t&l-a-hSs'e. 

Tampa,  tS.m'pa. 

Tampico,  tam-pe'ko. 

Tananarivo,  ta-na'na-re-vo. 

Tanganyika,  tan-gan-yekS. 

Tarim,  ta-rem'. 

Tashkend,  tasli-kgnd'. 

Tasmania,  t^-ma'ni-a. 

Taunton,  tan'tgn. 

Taurus,  ta'rfis. 

Tchad,  chad. 

Teheran,  tg-hran'. 

Tehuantepec,  ta-wan-ta-p8k'. 

Tennessee,  ten-ngs-se'. 

Terre  Haute,  tSr-g-hot' . 

Thames,  t8mz. 

Thian  Shan,  te-an'  shan. 

Tiber,  tl'bgr. 

Tibet,  ti-bSt'  or  tib'St. 

Tientsin,  te-6n'tsen. 

Tierra    del    Fuego,    te-Br'rfi-d61- 

fwa'go. 
Tiflis,  tiWes'. 
Tigris,  tl'gris. 
Timbuktu,  tira-book'too. 
Titicaca.  tit-e-ka'ka. 
Tocantins,  to-kan-tens'. 
Tokyo,  to'ke-o. 
Toledo,  to-le'do. 
Tombigbee,  t5m-big'be. 
Tonga,  tSu'ga. 


Topeka,  to-pe'ka. 
Toronto,  to-r5n'to, 
Torrens,  tSr'rSnz. 
Toulon,  tob'loN. 
Toulouse,  tob'lobz'. 
Transvaal,  trSiis-val'. 
Traverse,  trSv'grs. 
Trieste,  tre-5st'-^. 
Trinidad,  trin'i-dad'. 
Tripoli,  trip'j)-li. 
Tucson,  tu-s5n'. 
Tulare,  too-la're. 
Tunis,  tu'nis. 
Turin,  tiirin. 
Turkestan,  toor-kis-tan'. 

Uoayale,  ob-kI-a'l5. 
Uinta,  ^-in'ta. 
Ujiji,  oo-je'je. 
Ural,  u'ral. 
Uruguay,  oo-roo-gwl'. 
Utah,  ii'ta  or  utSL. 
Utica,  u'ti-ka. 

Valdai,  val'dl. 
Valencia,  va-len'shl-a. 
Valparaiso,  val-pii-rS'so. 
Vancouver,  vSn-kob'vgr. 
Vega,  ve'ga. 
Venezuela,  vSn-g-zwe'lg. 
Venice,  vSn'is. 
Vera  Cruz,  vara  kroos'. 
Verde.  v6rd. 
Vermont,  vgr-mont'. 
Vesuvius,  v6-sii'vi-fis. 
Vienua,  ve-Sn'a. 
Vincennes,  vin-sSnz'. 
Virginia,  vgr-jTn'i-a. 
Vistula,  vis'tu-la. 
Viti  Levu,  ve'te  la'voo. 
Vladivostok,  vla-de-vo8-tok'. 
Volga,  Volga. 
Vosges,  vozh. 

'Wabash,  wa'bash. 
Wachusett,  wa-chii'sfit. 
Waco,  wa'ko. 
Warsaw,  war'sfi. 
Wasatch,  wa'sach. 
Waterloo,  wa-tgr-loo'. 
Welland,  wSl'and. 
Wellington,  wSl'ing-tgn, 
Wenner,  va'ngr. 
Wetter,  vSt'tgr. 
Wichita,  wich'i-ta. 
Wilkesbarre,  wilks'bSr-i. 
Willamette,  wil-a'mSt. 
Wilmington,  wil'ming-tQn. 
Winnepesaukee,  win-e-pg-aft'ke. 
Winnipeg,  win'i-pSg. 
Winona,  wi-no'na. 
Winooski,  wi-noos'ki, 
Wisconsin,  wis-kSn'sin. 
Woonsocket,  woon-s5k'flt. 
Worcester,  woos'tgr. 
Wyoming,  wi-o'ming. 

Yablonoi,  ya-blo-noi'. 
Yakima,  ySk'i-ma. 
Yakutsk,  ya-kobtsk'. 
Yangtze,  ySng'tze. 
Yarkand,  yar-kand'. 
Tazoo,  ya-7.ob'. 
Yenisei,  y6n-e-s5'e. 
Yesso,  yis'so. 
Yokohama,  yo-ko-ha'm& 
Yonkers,  ySflk'grs. 
Yosemite,  yo-s8m'l-te. 
Yucatan,  yoo-ka-tan'. 
Yukon,  yoo'kSn. 

Zaznbezi,  zam-ba'zg. 
Zanzibar,  zan'zi-bar. 
Zululand,  zoo'loo-land. 
Zurich,  tsii'rik. 
Zuider  Zee,  zoi'dgr  zS'. 


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